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Cell Bio Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following questions would not be answered by using karyotyping?

A

Do any chromosome contain point mutations?

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2
Q

The octameric histome core is composed of four different histone proteins. Once the core octamer has been formed, DNA wraps around it to form a nucleosome core particle. Which of the following histone proteins does not form a part of the octameric core?

A

H1

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3
Q

The N-terminal tail of histone H3 can be extensively modified and depending on the number, location, and combination of these modification, these changes may promote the formation of heterochromatin? What is the result of heterochromatin formation?

A

gene silencing

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4
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a dna molecule with attendant proteins that acts as an independent unit during cell division

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5
Q

A kinetochore is found where on a chromosome?

A

the centromere

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6
Q

which of the following is an effect of histone acetylation?

A

compacts chromatin and actiavtes transcription

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7
Q

Chromosomes we typically see in images are isolated from mitotic cells. These mitotic chromosomes are in the most highly condensed form. Interphase cells contain chromosomes that are less densely packed and

A

occupy discrete territories in the nucleus.

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8
Q

methylation and acetylation are common changes made to histone H3, and the specific combination of theses changes is something referred to as the histone code. Which of the following patterns will probably lead to gene silencing?

A

lysine 9 methylation

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9
Q

which of the following not a chemical modification commonly found on core histone n terminal tails

A

hydroxylation

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10
Q

most eukaryotic cells only express 20-30% of the genes they possess. The formation of heterochromatin maintains the other genes in a transcriptionally silent state. Which histone modification directs the formation

A

H3 lysine 9 methylaiton

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11
Q

how do changes in histone modifications lead to changes in chromatin structure?

A

they recruit other proteins to the chromatin

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12
Q

the core histones are small basic proteins that have a globular domain at the c terminus and a long extended conformation t the N terminus. which of the following is not true of the n terminal tail of the histones?

A

it binds to dan in a sequence specific manner

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13
Q

the chromosomal locus that regulates the movements of the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. It is defined by specific DNA sequences and the proteins that bind them.

A

centromere

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14
Q

The centromeric subunit that bind microtubules and directs chromosome movement during mitosis

A

Kinetochore

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15
Q

specialized structure at either end of the chromosomal DNA molecule that ensures replication of the DNA ends and protects the ends

A

Telomere

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16
Q

keeps in place the DNA that has already wrapped around the histone

A

H1

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17
Q

4 histones involved in packaging

A

2 H3:H4

2 H2A:H2B

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18
Q

transcriptionally active areas associated with relatively open chromatin

A

euchromatin

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19
Q

transcriptionally inactive areas associated with compact (or closed) chromatin

A

Heterochromatin

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20
Q

– proposes that posttranslational modifications of histones are read by proteins that bind to modified histones to determine whether regions of the chromosome are transcribed or remain in an inactive state

A

histone code

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21
Q

is associated with “open” chromatin

A

acetylation

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22
Q

associated with either open or closed chromatin

A

methylation

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23
Q

HDAC helps wrap or unwrap

A

wrap

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24
Q

which disease would be used for HDAC?

A

PML (cancers)

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25
Q

HDAC inhibitors inhibit what?

A

the removal of acetyl groups from histone resulting in gene inactivation

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26
Q

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia:

A

translocation: t(9;22)(q32;q11)
chromosomes: BCR/ABL

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27
Q

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

A

translocation: t(8;21)(q22;q22)
chromsome: AML1/ETO

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28
Q

Non-Hodkin’s Lymphoma

A

translocation: t(14;18)(q32;q21)

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29
Q

used to synthesize transcription factor for HOX gene

A

MLL

30
Q

code for proteins

A

messenger rna

31
Q

form the core of the ribosomes structure and catalyze protein synthesis

A

ribosomal rna’s

32
Q

regulate gene expression

A

micro rna

33
Q

serve as adaptors between mrna and amino acids during protein synthesis

A

transfer rna

34
Q

used in RNA splicing, gene regulation, telomere maintaince, and many other processes

A

other noncoding RNA’s

35
Q

most rRNA

A

rna polymerase 1

36
Q

all protein coding genes, miRNA genes, plus genes for other noncoding RNA’s

A

rna polymerase 2

37
Q

tRNA genes, 5s rRNA gene, genes for many other small RNA’s

A

RNA polymerase 3

38
Q

RNA pol 2 intiation

A

(TAF & TBP) TFIID bind to the TATA box

TFIIA and TFIIB are recruited to the complex

Recruits RNA POL2 and the cofactor TFIIF (stabilizes)

TFIIE and TFIIH complex.

39
Q

more common Rho. forms hair pin, induces release of paused polymerase to release the mRNA

A

rho-indepedent termination

40
Q

less common Rho. Rho hexameter binds specific c-rich sequence of RNA, rho migrates 5’ to 3’ to signal release of pol on contact. rho’s helices activity unwinds rna/dna duplex releasing RNA

A

rho-dependent termination

41
Q

transcription occurs where

A

nucleus

42
Q

translation occurs where

A

cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

7-methylguanosine +triphosphate linkage, add’s to the 5’ end

A

RNA capping

44
Q

cleaves poly A to the end of 3’

A

polyadenylation

45
Q

all noncoding introns are spliced out of a pre-mRNA by the

A

splicesome

46
Q

five RNA’s that are collectively called nRNA’s. associated with proteins to form snRNPS

A 
U1
U2
U4
U5
U6
47
Q

two snRNP’s that attach to end of pre-mrna

A

U1 and U2

48
Q

binding of an additional snRNP - assembles the splicesome

A

U4/U6 and U5

49
Q

which snRNP is spliced out

A

U1

50
Q

Allows the production of more than one mRNA, thus, more than one protein from a single gene

A

alternative splicing

51
Q

every three base pairs encodes an amino acid

A

genetic code

52
Q

start codon

A

aug

53
Q

stop codon

A

uaa, uag, uga

54
Q

redundancy in the genetic code, some tRNA’s only require base pairing of the first two codon positions and can tolerate a mismatch at the third position

A

wobble effect

55
Q

what couples the amino acid to the specific tRNA for that AA

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

56
Q

what is rRNA responsible for?

A

ribosome overall structure and ability to catalyze protein synthesis

57
Q

contains 3 rRNA

responsible for decoding the mRNA message and assembling peptide chains

A

large subunit

58
Q

contains one rRNA

A

small subunit

59
Q

accepts

A

a site

60
Q

peptide

A

p side

61
Q

exit or eject

A

e site `

62
Q

escorts the charged tRNA to the A-site

A

eEF1A + GTP

63
Q

gtp is cleaved to gap which releases

A

eEF1A

64
Q

Series of ribosome that will simultaneously translate the same mRNA molecule

A

polyribosome

65
Q

loss of function

A

albinism cancer cf haemophila disorders marble brain syndrome phenyl keton uria

66
Q

gain of toxic function

A

alzheimers type 2 diabetes als parkinsons

67
Q

infectious misfolding

A

mad cow kuru jaokb disease

68
Q

degradation using target protein and polyubiquitin chain

A

protein degradation

69
Q

expressed genes that are common to all cells

A

housekeeping genes

70
Q

specialized genes give different cells unique properties

A

master transcription regulators

Cell Bio Exam 2 (6 decks)

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