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Life Sciences > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The chemical that is being broken down with the help of an enzyme is known as what?

A

Substrate?

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2
Q

Whats special about the fat soluble vitamin?

A

Stored in the body for long periods of time and pose a risk of toxicity if overconsumed.

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3
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Shit moving across membrane that DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY. and GOES WITH THE GRADIENT.

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4
Q

What contains an unpaired electron?

A

Free radical.

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5
Q

What is an important part of a diet but is not a nutrient because it isnt absorbed by the human body?

A

Fiber / Roughage

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6
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

A type of bulk transport where large molecules are moved out of a cells membrane

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7
Q

WHat are the chemical reactions that occur within an organism called?

A

Metabolism.

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8
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Typically used with charged or larger molecules wherein they need help from a TRANSPORT/CHANNEL PROTEIN TO MOVE THEM ACROSS. Still going from high to low concentration. and no energy but requires protein help.

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9
Q

Central vacuole looks like what now?

A

Fluid filled membranes that take up 90% of a plant cell.

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10
Q

plants animals or both Cytoskeleton

A

both but mostly important in animals

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11
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules (remember what those do?)

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12
Q

Which organelle drives energy production?

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Whats up with the structure of a ribosome and why is that special?

A

not membrane bound. special becausee it can be found in prokaryote and eukaryotes.

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14
Q

What is “activation energy” and what is it referring to.

A

its talking about ENZYMES. and it basically is the way of saying the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

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15
Q

What is bulk transport and what are the types?

A

movement of large molecules across the membrane. Endocytosis - into the cell exocytosis - out of the cell

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16
Q

Define what a macronutrient is.

A

Substances that are required in large amounts which include water, carbs, proteins and fats.

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17
Q

What is the only vitamin our cells can synthesize??

A

Vitamin D or Calcitriol

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18
Q

What do enzymes not do?

A

THEY DO NOT PROVIDE ANY FORM OF ENERGY (ESPECIALLY ACTIVATION ENERGY.

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19
Q

WHat is the thing known as where a substrate and an enzyme physically bind?

A

Active site

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20
Q

What are the things that are needed in large quantities?

A

Macronutrients.

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21
Q

What do carbs do?

A

The provide a great source of energy for cells

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22
Q

Define a micronutrient.

A

They are essential nutrients required in small amounts. They are not destroyed by the body during use, and are not burned for energy.

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23
Q

Thylakoids are found in what and help do what?

A

Found in chloroplasts and are responsible for photosynthesis

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24
Q

The thing that helps to support cell shape, support and movements. basically STRUCTURE?

A

Cytoskeleton.

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25
Q

Explain a plasma membrane. and do plants and animals have them?

A

Semiperm, phoslip bilayer, boundary of a cell. SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE. yes everyone has a plasma membrane

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26
Q

What are minerals?

A

Substances that do no contain CARBON but are essential to many cell functions.

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27
Q

How do enzymes increase rate of a reaction?

A

They lower the activation energy barrier.

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28
Q

Plants animals or both for the nucleus

A

both .

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29
Q

Whats the rough ER ?

A

ribosomes are embedded

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30
Q

Whats the centrioles made up of?

A

Microtubules

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31
Q

Which organelle contains DNA known as chromatin?

A

the nucleus

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32
Q

Who sets the standards for Tap Water?

A

the EPA

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33
Q

Whats the mitochondria do?

A

Assists in cellular respiration

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34
Q

What is the plasma membrane structure also called and what is it made up of?

A

The fluid mosaic model. Many differing lipids, and transport proteins embedded to help molecules in.

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35
Q

How do vitamins help the body?

A

They help with absorption of other nutrients. (because they are coenzymes!)

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36
Q

How are biological reactions sped up?

A

Ensymes

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37
Q

What is osmosis

A

involves the movement of water. is PASSIVE transport, and no energy is required.

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38
Q

What is the theory that says something about how mitochondria evolved to chloroplasts or something?

A

Endosymbiont theory

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39
Q

Lysosomes are made up of what to do what functions?

A

Digestive enzymes to help recycle damaged organelles and kill bacteia and shit.

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40
Q

Whats the active site

A

where an enzyme and a substrate physically bind.

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41
Q

What type of fats are the really bad ones?

A

Trans fatty acids.

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42
Q

What type of vitamin is urinated out and is not stored in the body?

A

A water soluble one.

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43
Q

What are antioxidants used to fight and protect against?

A

Free Radicals

44
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

a non-membrane bound cell

45
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Proteins that the body cannot produce itself. These include Lysine and valine.

46
Q

Chloroplasts do what?

A

photosynthesis

47
Q

What are free ribosomes, where are they found and what does it mean?

A

found in mitochondria meaning it is DNA

48
Q

What is diffusion?

A

A type of passive transport where movement of molecules move from area opf HIGH concentration to area of LOW concentration. GOES WITH THE GRADIENT.

49
Q

Whats a cell wall?

A

Different that membrane. only found in plants. Constructred from a carb (cellulose). Borders outside of Cell membrane

50
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Substances that provide structural materials or energy

51
Q

Which provides a great source of energy for cells?

A

Carbohydrates

52
Q

Metabolism is what?

A

All the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

53
Q

plants, animals, or both for the mitochondria

A

both

54
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats (Lipids)

55
Q

Hyopotonic means what?

A

has a low concentration of a solute

56
Q

Define acrive transport

A

A form of transport that requires energy (ATP) to cross. moving AGAINST the gradient.

57
Q

What is the thing in plants that is made of cellulose?

A

Cell wall.

58
Q

How is metabolism sped up?

A

Enzymes.

59
Q

What does the nucleus have physically that allows stuff acces?

A

Nuclear pore

60
Q

What helps move chromosomes around during cell division?

A

Centrioles

61
Q

plants animals or both Central vacuole?

A

plants only.

62
Q

What does it mean when an enzyme changes the shape of the active site to bind specifically with a substrate?

A

Induce fit model.

63
Q

Whatst the smooth ER

A

performs detoxification, no ribosomes embedded.

64
Q

Types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion. Facilitated diffusion. Osmosis

65
Q

What helps lower the activation energy barrier?

A

Enzymes.

66
Q

Two types of Endoplasmic reticulum, what are they?

A

Rough and SMooth

67
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Chemical movement

68
Q

What term describes the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophobic

69
Q

What is endocytosis and what are the 3ways?

A

bulk transport of large molecules across the membrane and into the cell. 1 Phagocytosis 2 PINOCYTOSIS 3 Receptor mediated

70
Q

Saturated is to butter, as Unsaturated is to ____

A

Oil

71
Q

What serves as an coenzyme and is a organic substance?

A

A vitamin.

72
Q

What is a free radical??

A

A substance containing an unpaired electron that is therefore unstable and HIGHLY reactive, causing damage to the cells.

73
Q

A substrate is what?

A

the chemocal that is being broken down with the help of an enzyme.

74
Q

What organelle creates ATP jazz hands>??

A

Mitochondria

75
Q

What kind of information does the nucleus hold

A

DNA aka Chromatin.

76
Q

Lysosomes do what?

A

breakdown material taken in by PHAGOCYTOSIS. Recycle damaged organelles, destroy harmful bacteria

77
Q

What is made up of a large subunit and small unit with rRNA

A

Ribosome

78
Q

plants animals or both for centrioles?

A

both

79
Q

What is a cell?

A

The fundamental unit of a living system.

80
Q

Structure of Mitochondria

A

Double membrane, Inner membrane makes most of the energy

81
Q

whats a eukaryote?

A

A MEMBRANE bound cell.

82
Q

Hypertonic means what?

A

Has a high concentration of a solute.

83
Q

What is the golgi apparatus function?

A

Shipping packaging and receiving of proteins.

84
Q

What is the method of transport in which a protein is moving a molecule from high to low with no energy and with the gradient?

A

facilitated diffusion

85
Q

What organelle stores genetic information?

A

The nucleus

86
Q

Define a vitamin.

A

It is an organic substance, most being unable to be synthesized by the body and serve as coenzymes.

87
Q

What are the five main nutrients vegetarians lack in thei diet?

A

Protein, iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamin B 12

88
Q

What is the most conspicuous organelle out there?

A

The mofuggin Nucleus dog

89
Q

What is photosynthesis essentially doing for the plant?

A

Creating its own food.

90
Q

What organelle does the shipping and receiving?>

A

the golgi apparatus (go get it apparatus)

91
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Performs a specific job required by the cell and works in conjunction with other organelles to keep everything going correctly.

92
Q

What cannot leave the nucleus?

A

DNA

93
Q

Which organelle, is the powerhouse of the cell?

A

the mitochondria

94
Q

Whats that goddamn nucleus do?

A

performs mitosis. Duplicate genetic information. think about when u cut ur shit open and u have to regenerate, thats the nucleus sending out the support for that.

95
Q

What do you think of when you hear the term selectively permeable?

A

Plasma membrane

96
Q

isotonic means what?

A

Equal or similar concentration of a solute.

97
Q

A semipermeable (selectovely permeable) phospholipid bilayer that defines the outer boundary of a cell?

A

The Plasma membrane.

98
Q

Structure of chloroplast?

A

Double membrane with its own rybosomes, contains genetic info and has thylakoids.

99
Q

What do the centrioles do?

A

help move chromosomes around when a cell divides

100
Q

What do mitochondria contain and why?

A

They have their own DNA because of “freeribosomes”

101
Q

What are enzymes?

A

PROTEINS that reduce amount of energy for a biological reaction to occur.

102
Q

What are stored in the body for long periods of time and generally pose a greater risk for toxicity when consumed in excess?

A

Fat Soluble

103
Q

What is the pacman in a cell called and which organelle is it found in?

A

Lysosome, its known as PHAGOCYTOSIS. aka CELL EATING.

104
Q

Who sets the standards for bottled water?

A

the FDA

105
Q

What happens during incomplete hydrogenation?

A

Trans fats are created which changes structure of fatty acid tails.

106
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

help facilitate PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

107
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

When the levels of saturation of a fat are increased causing it to solidify.

Life Sciences (8 decks)

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