Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Antigen independent lymphocytes

Answer 1

* begins with stem cells in bone marrow * leads to development of "immune competent cells"

Answer 2

* B and T cells * occurs in secondary lymph tissue * contact with antigen causes further proliferation of cells able to interact with that antigen

Answer 3

* genes randomly split in certain areas then recombine * allows each cell to code for unique proteins that react with specific antigens * T cells * T cell receptor chain * B cells * immunoglobulins

Answer 4

* humoral immunity * proliferate and mature into plasma cells * secrete immunoglobulins * posses CD19, CD20, CD24 markers * each plasma cell produces antibodies directed at a single antigen

Answer 5

* CD2 marker is shared by all T cells * rearrangement of TCR gene produces T cell able to react with specific antigens * cell mediated immunity * CD4 helper/inducer * release factors that increase activation of other lymphocyte subsets * CD8 and B cells * CD8 cytotoxic/suppressor subset * lyse cells by direct surface to surface contact * supress immune response through negative

Answer 6

* 15% of lymphocytes * CD16 and CD56 positive but CD3 negative * functions * recognize and kill tumor cells and virus infected cells * attack antigens with IgG attached

Answer 7

* inability of blood to supply tissues with adequate oxygen * reduction of more than 10% of the number of red blood cells * circulating hemoglobin and red cell mass * if destruction exceeds production * production is impaired * compensating for anemia * increased oxygenated blood flow * increased oxygen release

Answer 8

* fatigue, weakness, vertigo, syncope, dyspnea (SOB), headache * physical exam * pallor * skin * heart abnormalities * tachycardia * hypotension * organomegaly * liver or spleen * bruising

Answer 9

* Hgb x 3 = Hct * RBC x 3 = Hgb

Answer 10

* average volume of red cells in femtoliters * Hct in L/L = MCV = (hct/RBC)x1000 * Hct in % = MCV = (hct/RBC)x10 * reference interval * 80 to 100 fL

Answer 11

* average weight of hgb in a red cell in picograms * hgb in g/dL = MCH = (hgb/RBC)x10 * reference range * 28 to 34pg

Answer 12

* comparison of weight of hgb to volume of cell * Hct in % = MCHC = (hgb/hct)x100 * reference interval * 32 to 36g/dL

Answer 13

80 to 100fL

Answer 14

32 to 36g/dL

Answer 15

* expression of variance in red cell volume * high RDW indicates anisocytosis * variation in red cell size

Answer 16

* reticulocyte count indicates level of bone marrow activity * high count = high activity

Answer 17

* hereditary * hemoglobin S disease * thalassemia * aquired * iron deficiency * aplastic anemia

Answer 18

* microcytic * MCV decreased * iron deficiency * thalassemia * macrocytic * MCV increased * Vitamin B12 deficiency * liver disease * normocytic * hemoglobin S disease * aplastic anemia

Answer 19

* MCV decreased, RDW normal * thalassemia minor * MCV increased, RDW increased * vitamin B12 deficiency * folate deficiency * MCV normal, RDW increased * hemoglobin S disease

Answer 20

* normal * enteric absorption = through gut * 1mg/day * bone marrow uses the most iron * storage in liver * loss through urine, sweat, bile, ect

Answer 21

* master iron regulating protein * regulates iron recycling/balance * inhibits activity of genes involved in iron absorption * increased hepcidin = decreased iron absorption * made in liver

Answer 22

* transports iron found in blood * each transferrin can bind 2 irons * binds to receptors on developing erythrocytes * increases in response to increased need of iron * measured transferrin = # of molecules * TIBC = # of iron binding sites

Answer 23

* receptors on developing cells that receive iron and bring it into the cell * released into the plasma as cell matures * measurement can assess the rate of erythropoiesis in bone marrow

Answer 24

* iron storage in liver * serum levels directly proportional to tissue levels

Answer 25

* iron storage * used when levels exceed ferritin capacity * not measurable in blood

Answer 26

* chronic blood loss * abnormal menstrual flow * ulcers * malignancies * parasitic infections * intravascular hemolysis * hemodialysis * dietary deficiency * inadequate intake * increased physiologic need * growth, pregnancy, lactation * malabsorption

Answer 27

* koilonychia * spoon nails * glossitis * sore tongue * cheilitis * sore lips * cravings * pica * chills * gastritis

Answer 28

* microcytes * hypochromia * elliptocytes * target cells

Answer 29

* serum iron divided by TIBC x 100

Answer 30

TIBC - serum iron

Answer 31

* ferritin is the first to show abnormalities * stage 3 * hemoglobin * decreased * MCV, MCHC * decreased * serum iron * decreased * TIBC * increased * %TS * decreased * Ferritin * decreased

Answer 32

can differentiate IDA from ACD

Answer 33

* genetic defect * substitution of amino acid * deletion of amino acid * over 900 alterations * effects * altered solubility * Hb S and Hb C * altered function * Hb M * altered stability

Answer 34

* medium * cellulose acetate * pH * 8.6 * Hb A1 = fastest * Hb A2 = slowest * Hb C migrates with A2 * Hb S, D, G migrate between A2 and F * A1, F, S, C, and A2

Answer 35

* Hb S * 8-10% of african americans carry the gene * 0.3-1.3% are homozygous * Hb C * 2-3% of african americans carry the gene * 0.02% have the disease

Answer 36

* defect of beta-globin * substitution of valine for glutamic acid in position 6 * changes electrical charge and allows polymerization

Answer 37

* defect of beta-globin * substitution of lysine for glutamic acid in position 6 * changes electrical charge allowing polymerization

Answer 38

* chronic moderate to severe anemia caused by extravascular hemolysis * hemolytic crisis * increased hemolysis * aplastic crisis * bone marrow temporarily shuts down * vaso-occlusive crisis * capillaries plugged by abnormal cells * infection * spenic sequestration * pooling of damaged cells in spleen * chest syndrome

Answer 39

* Hb * 6-10g/dL * severe anemia * MCV and MCHC * normal * RDW * increased * Morphology * target cells, sickle cells, NRBCs * White cells and platelets * increased * increased reticulocytes * 10-20% * Hb S solubility test * positive * electrophoresis * positive for hb S * 85-100% * increased hb F

Answer 40

* CBC * Hb level usually normal * morphology * few target cells * Hb S solubility test * positive * electrophoresis * Hb A * 50-65% * Hb S * 35-45%

Answer 41

* mild anemia * 8-12g/dL * morphology * target cells, hb C crystals * slightly increased reticulocytes * electrophoresis * Hb C * \>90% * Hb F * \<7%

Answer 42

* target cells * electrophoresis * Hb C * 30-40% * Hb A1 * 60-70%

Answer 43

* mild to moderate anemia * 10-14g/dL * morphology * target cells * SC crystals * solubility test * positive * electrophoresis * Hb S and Hb C equal amounts * increased Hb F * up to 70%

Answer 44

* microcytes and target cells * slight erythrocytosis * hypochromic * electrophoresis * 30-40& Hb E

Answer 45

* (--/--) * Hb Bart's * no functional genes * incompatible with life * 4 gamma chains form hb Barts * binds but does not release oxygen * extreme anemia present at birth * 3-10g/dL * 80-90% barts * up to 20% portland

Answer 46

* (--/-a) * Hb H disease * excess beta chains form hb H * anemia not as severe as major * occasional transfusion * no iron overload * splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone deformities * moderate anemia * 8-10g/dL * morphology * microcytic, hypochromic * target cells * NRBCs * increased reticulocytes * 5-10% * electrophoresis * 25-40% hb barts * 2-40% hb H

Answer 47

* (--/aa) or (-a/-a) * trait * slight to no anemia * 10-12g/dL * morphology * microcytes, hypochromia, target cells, elliptocytes, basophilic stippling * electrophoresis * 5-6% hb barts at birth * normal pattern in adults

Answer 48

* (aa/a-) * no symptoms * MCV may be slightly abnormal * 78-80fL * electrophoresis * 1-2% barts at birth

Answer 49

* (B0/B0), (B0/B+), (B+/B+) * 2 abnormal genes * little to no Hb A1 produced * increased production of delta and gamma chains * severe anemia * 3-4g/dL * morphology * microcytic and hypochromic * MCV * 50-60fL * target cells, tear drop cells, elliptocytes, basophilic stippling, NRBCs * reticulocytes increased * 1-8% * electrophoresis * adult * 0-30% hb A1 * 60-95% Hb F * hb A2 may be normal, increased or decreased * newborns * \<2% hb A1 * serum bilirubin increased * iron studies * serum iron = increased * TIBC = normal to increased * %TS = \>80% * ferritin = increased * zpp = normal * bone deformities * hepatomegaly and splenomegaly * high risk of infection * iron overload

Answer 50

* (B0/B0), (B/B+) * asymptomatic unless stressed * mild anemia * Hb 9-14g/dL * MCV/MCHC low * 55-70fL/29-33 * hypochromic, target cells, elliptocytes, basophilic stippling * electrophoresis * slightly elevated Hb A2 * 3.5-7.0% * normal or slightly increased Hb F * 1-5%