Exam 2 Flashcards
What social fact in Inupiat/Eskimo culture drove their society’s beliefs?
Spirituality and that everything has a spirit
What event in 1850 created a crisis for the Inupiat?
White hunters came and killed the wale, addictive substitutes and disease.
1890 who comes and what does he create in Alaska?
Preacher. created division b/w whites and Indians based on where they sit in church
What was effect of oil boom on Eskimos?
sea erosion, move village to old funerary sites, gravel on tundra, grid agriculture, increased suicide, no jobs, substance abuse and cancer from chemicals
Story that surrounds culture of Eskimos?
Raven: Tulungugrup stricks dark part in water and get land
Men and woman spirits and ancestors who do haling change the weather, find lost things and communicate and deal in underground
Shamen in Alaska
Dance and spirit depart, trip underwater to home of animals hoes for sucking out troubles
Galgi
Who doesn’t have to pay for bus ride?
Elders
What is the story like in Alaska?
Nearly bare, owned by Ivankuk Native corporation, radios widely used to speak to whale hunters, Hondas = weird bike.
When the 2 girls come over at night what does the author hear?
They are talking about how shaman are all dead and don’t talk of the. But lots of creatures are still believed to roam, hookman, little people, haunted house, Ronnie Pinngasut. Aka high school students accepting their history and being repelled by it at the same time
New comers are expected to do what when they arrive in Alaska?
Introduce themselves, Annie complained hadn’t and gave tea and fish.
What is the old shaman house made of?
Whale bones, untouched, Whale is meeting of land and sea so has cosmology importance
How cultural anthropologist collect data different than other occupations?
Fieldwork
Why does the author of Alaska paper survey all types of data for study on healing and spirit presence?
We need to have an understanding of relationship of part and whole. Know problem and need to know CONTEXT of problem. Thick descriptions, know other factors that have influenced 1 thing. Like hard science Abstract.
How Anthropology is like hard sciences
Lab report, need to show context of experiment and tools. Way you do experiment is more important than results. Need to understand why results are different (go to abstract and find out why), shouldn’t have preconceptions
What are early stages of fieldwork like?
- trying to make contact w/ people you want to study
- unstructured
- find people you can talk w/
- watch out for preconceptions (what you think you are looking for)
- OPEN (put things to one side)
How to Anthropologists test their theory?
They ask other people if they are right. Unique because other sciences can’t talk to animals, rocks, or dead historical figures
Participating in other people’s lives
Participant Observation
Observe vs. Watch
Observe is more mindful analyzing, what you see but being open minded
Doing vs. Observing
Can feel how it is to do task, emotions, understand from their perspective
Why fieldwork is important?
Can see things not immediately apparent, under the surface, research on topics that haven’t been written about recently. Participating helps you ask better questions.
Characteristics needed before doing fieldwork?
Ability to step out of comfort zone, making contact and interpersonal skills, different linguistic backgrounds, need patience and open mind, empathy, adaptability, listen and follow, solve problems in society. Know whole before part Context, tell people what you are doing, and read everything you can before going
Used to measure income inequality or used to measure any uneven distribution. x axis = # of households y = total income they have. closer to zero is perfect equality
Gini coefficient
What factor influence economic equality in a country?
- level of industrialization
- economic systems
- tax system and how it redistributes money
Who is more likely to fall into poverty in the US?
Women and Children
How do societies rank people in social hierarchies?
Depends on privileges and rights at different levels, strength of boundaries that separate these groups
Classified by cultures or family backgrounds into ethnic groups or physical appearance, race, gender, age, or education
Social Classes
How does US do social classes?
Race and Gender
Assigned at birth and social and occupational groups of parents are fixed. Forbidden to mix.
Castes
What things are determined by Hierarchy?
- access to jobs
- wealth
- privilege
Theory based on assumption that social hierarchy is necessary for smooth functioning of a modern society
Integrative Theory of Social Stratification
Theory which presumes that hierarchy exists because 1 group of individuals seeks to take advantage of another group for economical purposes
Exploitative Theory of Social Stratification
Integrative Theory Explanation
Hierarchy integrates work. Large societies need to specialize, this creates people who need to coordinate tasks (mangers and leaders) causing social stratification. Need military, need central authority.
Exploitive Theory Explanation
Benefits only elite class through control of political or social repression. When 1 group wants resources or labor of others hierarchy happens. Ex. Military conquest of indigenous people to be forced labor. Brahmans in India will not equal playing field.
Why is hierarchy necessary (integrative)?
It protects people and organizes them. Social fact everyone becomes part of whole with hierarchy.
Does USA like hierarchy?
Yes we have potential to move up.
Karl Marx Theory
Social classes grew out of capitalism. It is not a necessary feature of modern society.
- control of means of production
- increase wealth by taking advantage of surplus of labor
- take product and exploit workers
- person works under condition because political or social repression.
Belief that division of society into classes is both natural and right. If the ruling class controls institutions that are responsible for determining how people view the world (churches, schools & newspapers) can promote idea that it is best for all in society
Ideology of classes
3 things that create hierarchy
race, gender, and intelligence
Excuse why racial hierarchy is ok?
- It is natural/god’s will.
- One race is more intellectually or morally superior that then others.
- From religion, state, and scientists.
Who experimented on different skulls to say bigger brain capacity related to race?
Morton and Gould ignored this
Excuse for intelligence
- Blames poverty or lack of success on the poor themselves
- idea we can do it on our own
- some idea intelligence inherited and based on race
Questionable assumptions with Hanson’s concept of intelligence
- assumes single entity
- measurably and unequal distribution through the population
- amount is relatively fixed throughout life
- amount one has determines success in life
- largely inherited (by persona’s educational and occupational Stop correcting “success” is inherited)
Who created idea of eugenics and the genius through intellectual tests?
Galton
Who did testing with teachers on physical and mental characteristics of children to find who was most intelligent?
Karl Pearson
4 types of intelligence according to Charles Spearman?
- present efficiency - according to school order in Greek Latin and Math
2.native capacity - take difference between child’s rand at school and age - general impression - ask teacher who is brightest pupil
- common sense - ask oldest child in class to rank kids based on smarts and common sense outside of school
Experiment = bias
Social Stratification based on gender
false linking to biology and intelligence
- belief superiority of men over woman is “natural”
- ex. bio books reproduction of females is described gross or failure while male is not.
“Naturally Inferior”
Nothing can be done about it.
When something is “not natural”
It goes against nature. Acts like end of society as we know it if it happens
What kind of evidence does “naturally” suggest?
Belief in how always been, objective, BIOLOGY - we think bio is realm of facts and things don’t change. DNA is concrete and we hope to find evidence of individuality.
Direct connection to the divine a non conditional.
esoteric
Kaikusi-yema view of violence
Not like it believe tiger spirit posses warriors so it is not them doing the killing. when finished taste blood and flesh to break possession.
How Spanish justify violence
As work of God.
How do Native Americans/Kiowa favor violence.
Horses are a sign of wealth and bravery. Way to get horses is warfare. In order to move up rank must acquire horses.
Is violence biologically needed/natural?
No because all humans would practice violence in same way. Some practice violence and others don’t. Violence is biologically enate.
3 reasons people practice violence?
- Rewarding violence: justifiable to prove status, rank and masculinity
- System of protecting resources and women
- To protect honor
Reason Yanamamo justify war
To protect valuable resources (women and children). 20-25% death form warfare.
What does waiter mean?
Ferocity. taught from blood of moon myth waging constant war. Boys raised to be aggressive and hostile in Yanamamo society.
Why do people in Kohistan practice violence?
Code of honor demands vengeance against any threat to a mans honor.
What does dushamani mean?
Blood feud if person wrong one they must get back at them not exceeding original wrong. Involves women and kids = death. Islamic religious act.
Ghrairat
Man with honor. man’s personal worth integrity or character given by God and can be protected. Men must control women.
Baghrairatman
Men who allow their woman freedom which is seen as weak
What does violence cause in Kohistan?
People get lots of weapons, houses are designed for defense. Romantic nature of honor. Violence with relatives meaningful strangers meaningless
Why are we a warrior society?
Put army in front. Political figure always near warriors.
3 types of peaceful societies
Julwasi - demphise individual makes peaceful. Can’t have warriors because they are medaled, honored, and named
Xingui - negative values placed on aggression. role of warrior is seen as pity, sick, polluted. If fight have to go through rituals to be cleansed.
Julwasi and !Kung - peace making ritual based on belief that human’s can’t save conflict and must talk to divine through ritual and healing to resolve
Who legitimates war?
The state and society
- determines if domestic abusise is ok (sexism)
- culture determines if accepted/meaningful
- other cultures determine if should protect woman & kids or objectify them
- women motivate men to sign up for military service.
How does US legitimate violence?
Honor
Importance of France Boas
Impact on way Anthropology is taught today.
- impact on immersive study (fieldwork)
- theory of acculturation and culture change
Boas criticism of evolutionary theory
Says no evidence of single type of change (evolution is defined as something everyone goes through). Instead every society has its own ways of evolution and one is no better than the other.
Describe culture change
- dynamic
- particularity of culture changes are based on culture. Hard to predict where it goes
How is flux different from change?
flux - idea of unparticular, dynamic, unstability of something capable of regenerating itself. Like a culture biological identity.
- change changes
- change is not static (but dynamic)
change changes historically according to setting
What changes a culture?
Inner development or foreign influence.
Identity or system that adopts other culture but still has own identity
Acculturation
Only way to truly study culture
Through historic changes (not philological b/c too much interpretation and symbolism issues)
Why British introduced cricket to Trubiand?
Have them entertained and pacify them. “Pacifications” occupying territory.
What happened to cricket when they played it?
- add their own rules/identification to game they trganize the game
- dances and chants (UK version = slow & boring)
- way they dress themselves
- draw on warfare ritual
- irony: used to substitute for ritual warfare but the culture of war survives
- magic
Where are dances inspired from in cricket?
Marching of soldiers (borrowed from British culture)
How is gift exchange present in cricket?
End of game there is a big feast excuse for the host team to feed the villages. 1 chief shows off wealth by feeding 1 village)
broad area which emphasizes interactions between sociocultural, biological, and ecological variables related to etiology and prevalence of infectious diseases
Anthropology of Infectious Diseases
Humans adapted to infectious disease and most basic level of the gene
Natural selection = key to biological approach
Holistic approach to disease
- Interested in the context
- Role of transmission in not just biological
- what culture does to slow down / increase spread of disease
Study of emergence of disease thorough human remains.
Paleopathology
How humans created disease
Invention of tools allowed for agriculture, permanent settlements. Cutting down trees into river kills plants and allows mosquitos to grow. Livestock
Ecological Approaches
- alter environments to hinder spread of disease
- in SE Asian avoid malaria by building houses up
Political-economy reasons for disease
“Develop-genic” reasons for disease. Schitsomiasis where hydro electric plants being built.
- fish stopped coming to river
- more snails come
- water I being used to farm rice
- humans walking in rice fields get snails & lesions.
Socio-cultural Approaches
Human behavior and infectious disease transmission. Role of humans on increasing or limiting transmission.
How does human life change when plants and animals are domesticated?
Plants - we stop moving
Animals - carry lots of diseases so we have to vaccinate. Ebola comes from bats monkeys and then we get it
What human behavior causes Echinococcasis in Turkana people?
Pastoralist communities with dogs. Dogs eat poop and then lick people. Use poop for make up and medicine. Dog nurses.
Why are STDs so prevalent in Labor Migrations?
-African men mobile and looking for work go to city and back to rural
0 women poor go to work in city (sex work)
“minimax”
Cultural practices that minimize risk of disease and maximize health or welfare for a group
“hazards”
4 ways that human behavior promotes disease transmission
- exposure to agent
- shedding disease agent from host
- creating habits in which transmission cycle can be completed
- diffusion of transmission 1 to another
Things that can help prevent disease or increase disease socially?
- soap clothing styles and pesticides prevent malaria
- Egypt religious use of water causes disease spread
- AIDS and bathhouses in USA
- beliefs of what is causing disease and what will cure disease influence it (etiology, diagnosis and cure)
- diarrhea and cultural influences in Honduras folklore
- thinking disease is hereditary but actually from contaminated water in West Africa
- disease in brush but won’t b/c spirit possession
- traditional remedies/only for certain classes
Things important to understand in medical world in relation to culture
- Must follow behavioral attributes
- can’t blame a culture for failures towards health problems
What is the one disease eliminated?
Smallpox
Why ebola continued to spread?
Doctors took away social fact of funeral practices. People not understand need to bridge between scared victims and health core workers.
What does American Anthropological Statement on Race say?
- 6% of genes different among races
- Physical variation is a gradual process
- Race is a social mechanism
- excuse to justify slavery, and social and political inequalities.
- racial myth - race determines biological and culture makeup (culture is actually developed at birth not from race)
How Wagner Act segregated?
Only whites given right to unionize
What did the National Housing Act do?
Destroyed bad housing 90% not replaced and 2/3 of those homes were black or latino
Describe Housing Problem
- nonwhite move to white neighborhood
- whites move away and price falls
- taxes go up because wealth leaves
- less public services
- prisons and toxic facilities get built
Why do people have different skin colors?
Way body adapts from UV rays. mutations in DNA sequence = genetic variation.
How did “caucasion” form?
Blunenbach book On the Natural Variations of Mankind had 5 human types and caucasion skull was most superior.
Which president rationalized slavery?
Thomas Jefferson
The idea that hierarchy of races is a product of nature and not a policy. Says social reform is pointless.
Social Darwinism
What was said at Universal Races Congress in London?
Eugenics was deemed wrong but had little impact.
What does UNESCO statement on race say
After Holocaust UN says “Race” has no basis and calls for an end to racial thinking
What did barbarian mean in Greece?
Someone who doesn’t speak Greek
Where did word slave come from
Slav were slaves Germans sold to Arabs in middle ages
Why English didn’t understand Pocahontas marring John Rolfe
B/c different classes: princess marrying commoner
Rebellion blacks and whites fought as equals
Bacons Rebellion
Written laws to transform Africans and decedents into permanent slaves. Said reasons why ok. Treated brutally. 1705
Virginia Slave Codes
Justifies imperialism in Guam and the Philippines saying must do Manifest Destiny to govern those lesser
White Man’s Burden
Which act defines race and conditions still used today?
Equal Educational Opportunity Act
Common behavior is from genes true or false?
False
Racial Integrity Act of 1924
Required people to declare race and tried to prevent interracial marriages
Is race related to how well we are in sports?
No environmental impacts and opportunities are
Place where genetic diversity is the greatest?
Africa
