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Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Looking at another culture from your own point of view. But not thinking your culture is the best. Judging another culture based on your own culture.

A

Ethnocentrism

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2
Q

The study of human behaviors with an emphasis on Cross Cultural Comparison, practices and beliefs. To find out why we are different.

A

Anthro

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3
Q

What are the 3 main reactions when discovering difference.

A

Celebrate-understand why people do what they do and accept without knowing context.
Fear- food people eat, religion, gender roles, medicine practices. When we DON’T understand the context.
Worry/Anxiety Difference will end- McDonald’s all over the world, fear that traditions is ending and will loose a culture

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4
Q

Used to explain difference and variation in human behavior.

A

Culture

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5
Q

What are some examples of what Culture is like?

A

Map-steers in way we act (gender, how we should interact, types of risks we should take). lays out norms and expectations.
Sieve - filters out (view based on culture)
Matrix- complicated, like a code or algorithm why people act the way they do. What aspects are dependent on others.

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6
Q

Describe the scenario where people wink for different reasons?

A

Context = important. Depends on perception. Need to know the background. MOTIVATION and MEANING is unknown.

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7
Q

What is “thick description”?

A

It is like a story. Narrative that is very detailed and not easy to read. A lot is going on and it is kind of like a scientific paper. Very detailed. More details than we need because we are looking for context.

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8
Q

Examples of things that are not like “thick description”?

A

Questions, magazines, news, and social media.

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9
Q

Need to understand ______ to interpret meaning.

A

Context

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10
Q

Examples of Context.

A

Ex. foreign language - slang different in other countries.

In Gambia it is important to look dignified in pictures (focus on eyes rather than mouth)

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11
Q

______ changes globally dependent on context

A

Meaning

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12
Q

Studying Culture

A

Study of patterns and meanings that lie behind what we take for granted.

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13
Q

Scientific description of customs of people and cultures. Anthropology isn’t textbooks definition of transcribing mapping and diaries

A

Ethnography

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14
Q

Discuss Gender

A

Younger kids it doesn’t matter only older people. Set on gender map when born.

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15
Q

Bushman’s Christmas Story

A

Insults are to instill humility (prevent war). Shows part of the group. Standing out in society isn’t normal.

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16
Q

Society where family is prime importance

A

Holistic Society = Sociocentric = group

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17
Q

Society where individual is at center

A

Individualistic = egocentric

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18
Q

Examples of de-emphasize Individual in individualistic society

A

Military, religious groups, gangs, fan of sports teem, nations and flags, invokes a sense of belonging

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19
Q

Which group of people were mortuary cannibalism?

A

Wari

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20
Q

Cannibalism that is considered moral and acceptable. Usually collective among families not individual.

A

Mortuary Cannibalism

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21
Q

What are some of the assumed reasons for cannibalism?

A

Desperate Hunger, for nutrition, impulse of individual, aggression, dominance, evil.

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22
Q

What are the true reason’s for Wari cannibalism and what myth influenced it?

A

The Corn story: corn seed abandoned and someone eats as an act of salvation and corn is happy.To fulfill a social duty. An act of respect. Jami Karawa - eat properly

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23
Q

Cordial and cooperative relationships. Not blood relations instead marriages, and genuine friendships

A

Affinial Relations

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24
Q

Relationships that are blood related.

A

Consanguine Relations

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25
Q

Who does the dirty work in Wari relations?

A

The Affines they eat, bury babies, and kill old out of duty not desire.

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26
Q

Who are Wari actually angry at when they eat the body?

A

They are angry towards sorcerer, foreigner, or animal spirit not the person who died.

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27
Q

Motivation for why War consume body and have smoke in ceremony?

A

Try to scare away spirit with smoke and voices so they go to the underworld they don’t want ghost carrying old life to the underworld.

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28
Q

What is the Hujin myth?

A

Myth that when go to spirut world the body was eaten and restored until shaman brings him back. When a person survives sickness or loss of consciousness animal spirit “kills” they are brought back. If cut up blood spirit puts them back together.

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29
Q

Connected to the body emotional reaction felt physical? _______

A

Visceral

30
Q

Example of Visceral reaction

A

Foods are gross to us that other cultures accept. Eating and Rejecting is cultural reaction not instinct or reflex. Our hair stands up we feel it in our stomach and chest.

31
Q

What is the Ethnocentric fallacy?

A

Not thinking that our culture is the best. I judge something based on my own standards and it happened to be wrong.

32
Q

Attempting to see how something is meaningful from another culture’s point of view without being objective.

A

Cultural Relativism

33
Q

Why is cultural relativism difficult?

A

You must temporarily drop your moral system and be neutral and objective. We already have a predisposition.

34
Q

How do we receive our social facts

A

Through education, religion chosen before birth.

35
Q

What are social facts?

A

Ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside the consciousness of individual. They are practiced within a group and are externally coercive. Independent of its individual manifestations. Separate.
from individual effects.

36
Q

What happens if we do not follow social facts?

A

Must be explained or we are stigmatized. Think of mother not acting like a “mother”.

37
Q

What is not a social fact?

A

Thoughts that are in consciousness of each individual and movements regularly impeded on individual.

38
Q

Where do social facts exist?

A

Clothing and hair styles, how a room is laid out, objects (can’t exist in us or would die), language = artifact, way people react (observations). Crate race, gender and language.

39
Q

What idea shapes Beng attitudes towards newborns?

A

The idea of rebirth (wru) and that Wrugbe is the land of the ancestors. Social fact of Beng effects the way they raise babies.

40
Q

What do Beng villagers say when baby is born that makes it a holistic society?

A

“What did you bring me” Means baby is a member of a wider society. Unlike USA which asks name and gender.

41
Q

When does Beng baby become a snake?

A

When woman walks on path and eats food.

42
Q

Naming Rules in Beng culture?

A

Name is either based on day of the week, if grandparent dies same day of birth will get grandparent’s name, consult a diviner on the subject, find out who they were in wrugbe.

43
Q

Why does a newborn die or get sick and cry?

A

They are sad and want to return back to wrugbe.

44
Q

When is a baby finally out of wrugbe?

A

When they tell parent about dream they had.

45
Q

Why are babies carried?

A

Afraid they will crawl near a grandparent and that will end their life quicker. Baby close to realm of ancestors may tip grandparent into wrugbe.

46
Q

What language do babies speak?

A

Babble the language of the ancestors. Parents try to speak Beng so that babies don’t want to go back to wrugbe.

47
Q

When to have another baby in Beng culture?

A

If arranged marriage right away, eci decides, witch can curse you so go away or sacrifice or dance.

48
Q

Collection of social identities distributed over a landscape. Ex. female, male, American, Japanese, husband, wife

A

Society

49
Q

Why we need to know our and other’s social identities.

A

Know how to fulfill our identity duties, know to meet another person, nobody is anybody except in relation to some body.

50
Q

The two ways a person is conceived with in society?

A

Egocentric and Sociocentric

51
Q

What is Japan term enryo?

A

That social interaction should be charcterized by restrain and reserve (opinions should be avoided)

52
Q

How Japan is in between egocentrism and sociocentrism?

A

They teach interdependence between families and groups, self expressed in language, kiego = polite speech and it is based on status, they believe in separate entities, personal names, believe id development but individualism is not in social situations but AWAY FRM SOCIETY (only is self reflection)

53
Q

How do we distinguish individuals from one another?

A

Identify toolbox - characteristics used to determine differences and similarities. All societies: family membership, gender age.Some based on group membership race and wealth, dialect, kinship, religious affiliation.

54
Q

What is the rite of passage and what are the 3 phases?

A

Passage from one identity to another.
1. ritual separates person from original identity
2. transitional phase
3. changes incorporated into new identity (transition from 1 social group to another)
Happens in ceremonies such as marriage and baptism

55
Q

Why is body image a social fact?

A

Instills an assumed attitude of child, creates self inspection and self assessment, each culture has different feelings on body shape. Forced upon American society.

56
Q

How to construct a social identify at birth.

A

Babies don’t have identify when born but culture makes an identify through naming, toys, language, clothes, and the way babies are treated/reprimanded. Different for each culture.

57
Q

4 Key features of Individualistic self

A
  1. Autonomous - operates independently, self reliant
  2. Individual has intrinsic values/qualities - inherently generous stupid, pathological ect.
  3. In free of context - these values are not effected by environment (adopted individually)
  4. Is consistent over time - always the same person (always intelligent) as child smart is always smart
    extra: can have generous, integrity and beauty
58
Q

4 Key features in Holistic society

A
  1. Dependent on other people
  2. Characteristics because of all interactions (others help create the person I am)
  3. Environment shapes person
  4. Not consistent overtime - changes due to circumstances
59
Q

Which Indian societies allow for 3rd gender?

A

Cheyenne and Lakota: male but instead gender roles defined by physiology (based on occupation)

60
Q

What is potlatch?

A

Give and take gift exchange for religious, economic, social morphology, and legal/contract reasons. Wealth is consumed and transferred.

61
Q

What is the context of potlatch/ why is it a social fact?

A

It is not explicitly stated as an obligation, but is a social fact because involves and object and creates a compulsion. Else are stigmatized.

62
Q

What are the 3 obligations of potlatch?

A

Giving - everyone must be invited, chief does it to seem powerful and in favor of spirts and good fortune.
Receive - almost always accepted and promised else loss of dignity.
Repaying - Must be face value or greater. If don’t repay loose rank “sell a slave”

63
Q

What myth enforces distribution of goods to EVERYONE in Native American culture?

A

Little Otter Myth

64
Q

What is sacra?

A

Objects of devotion to family that they don’t want to part with. Objects of spirits. Objects speak and live. Decorated coppers are the most precious.

65
Q

TO observe and understand a WHOLE GROUP and its total behavior

A

Sociology

66
Q

Why do people gift?

A

It gives someone honor, connects people together, social glue during transitional times: birthday wedding house warming, graduation, funeral (feast = gift)

67
Q

Preschool in Japan vs. USA

A

Japan: sameness, big classes encourage socialization, oneness, empathy, only 20 min of teaching
USA : individualistic, choice is emphasized, value imagination ,emphasis on speech, self expression.

68
Q

Why does chief have to give potlatch?

A

Create relations with others. Trusts people will give gifts back. He is expected to give and it conveys leadership and honor. Feels it is an obligation.

69
Q

Commodity vs. Gift

A

Commodity- alienable, impersonal, no history
Gift- inalienable, personal, history
We try to make commodities into gifts based on fav color, birthstone, engraving, date Can’t turn a heirloom into a commodity.

70
Q

Passed down from generation. Hard to part with. Compelled not to see them.

A

Heirloom

71
Q

Gifting in Holistic society?

A

Not individual. Give gifts to most important person in the house and they distribute gifts. No unwrapping. Unwrapping is only for 2 people instead want whole group to see.

Anthropology (4 decks)

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