Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PTA 2 > exam #2 > Flashcards

exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cause for a brain injury in: infants

A

Abuse; neglect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cause for a brain injury in: toddlers

A

Abuse; falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cause for a brain injury in: early elementary

A

Falls; pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cause for a brain injury in: late elementary/middle school

A

Pedestrian-bicycle accidents, Pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents, Sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cause for a brain injury in: high school

A

MVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define: Congenital and Perinatal Brain Injury

A

during or before birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define: aquired brain injury

A

Brain injury incurred after a period of normaldevelopment

  • Internal causes
  • External causes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

open head/penetrating brain injury are more likely to

A

experience seizures than closed head injuries with open usually at corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which brain injury is more common, open or closed?

A

closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mechanism of injury: coup

A

site of contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mechanism of injury: contracoup

A

other side of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Shearing and tearing of neurons throughout the brain causes…

A

permanent damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

predictors of outcome after a brain injury

A 
Duration of coma
Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)
Age
Location of injury
Pre-injury functioning
Support systems: recovery will be more effectivewith family
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

outcome predictors: coma

A

Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which the person cannot be aroused or does not respond, even to painful stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 coma scales

A

Glasgow Coma Scale(more popular)

Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glasgow coma scale extreme range is…

A

3 worst 15 best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

coma on the glasgow coma scale is considered an…

A

8 or less score

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Moderate Head Injury—-GCS score of…

A

9 to 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mild Head Injury—-GCS score of..

A

13 to 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mild brain injury: concussion

A 
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Fatigue
Dizziness
Poor recent memory
Post traumatic amnesia less than 1 hour
GCS of 13-15
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

moderate brain injury

A

Coma less than 24 hours
Post-traumatic amnesia 1- 24 hours
GCS of 9-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

severe brain injury

A

Coma more than 24 hours
Post-traumatic amnesia more than 1 day
GCS 3-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Interrupted synaptic connections have…

A

“cascading effect”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PT common TBI treatment

A

tone reduction. Slow stretching, posture, compression of joints, heat, rocking, alternating movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

whixh vertebrae are at a risk for changes in sympathetic nervous system when damaged

A

T6 and above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which percent of SCI are caused by traumatic injuries?

A

42 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which percent of SCI are caused by non-traumatic injuries?

A

58 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are common cause of death after a SCI?

A

pneumonia, embolus, septicemia (infection of the blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the most common SCI locations?

A

C1-C2
C5-7
T12-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

SCI most common mechanisms of injury

A

Cervical rotation flex
Hyperflexion
Cervical Hyperextension injures
Compression Injuries-vertical compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

SCI subtypes: complete

A

complete transection of motor and sensory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

SCI subtype: incomplete

A

Central Cord Syndrome
Anterior Cord Syndrome
Posterior Cord Syndrome
Brown Sequard Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are myotomes c5-t1

A 
C5=deltoid
C6=biceps/wrist extensors
C7=triceps
C8=thumb extensor/finger flexors
T1=finger abd/add
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are myotomes L2-s1

A 
L2=hip flexors
L3=quads
L4=dorsiflexors
L5=great toe extensor
S1=plantarflexors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define Myelopathy

A

Spinal cord process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define Radiculopathy

A

Nerve root process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

UMN weakness

A

spasticity, weakness, atrophy, sensory findings, bowel and bladder complaints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

LMN weakness

A

paresthesias(lack of sensation), fasciculations, weakness, decreased DTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ASIA impairment scale stands for

A

American Spinal Cord Injury Association)Impairment Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

A and E on the ASIA impairment scale stands for…

A

A= complete

E=normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Central Cord Syndrome presents like

A 
Hyperextension injuries, tumor, 
Paresis or plegia of arms > legs
Posterior column spared
Sensation UE > LE; sacral sparing
Perforating branches of the anterior spinal artery at greatest risk for vascular insult
Good prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Anterior Cervical Cord Syndrome presents like..

A 
Typically after hyperflexion
Motor loss 
Pain and temperature loss
Dorsal column preserved
Autonomic dysfunction
Sacral sparing
50% Recovery
43
Q

brown sequard is…

A

1/2 the body effected

usually due to penetrating trauma (gun shot wound)

44
Q

spinal cord ends at…

A

L2

45
Q

define apoptosis

A

programmed cell death) (after cells die, the body goes through cell death saying kill all cells and die)

46
Q

morbidity in acute SCI phase can cause…

A 
Pressure ulcerations in 25%; most commonly over the sacrum with people with sci
Atelectasis / pneumonia in 13%
DVT in 10%
Autonomic dysreflexia in 8%
UTI
47
Q

mortality in SCI due to

A

Leading cause of death are pneumonia, PE (pulmonary embolis), followed by heart disease and sepsis

48
Q

Neuropathic spinal pain

A

Occurs at or below the level of injury
Reported in 6 – 50% of patients
Results from: changes in neuronal function, increased spontaneous activity and / or reduced thresholds of response
Descriptors: temperature, electric
Evaluation must look for other causes of pain, e.g. unstable spine, cystic myelopathy, other new condition e.g. renal stone
Treatment: physical therapy (electro), anticonvulsants, antidepressants

49
Q

key motor scale

A 
0 = total paralysis
1 = palpable or visible contraction
2 = active movement, gravity eliminated
3 = active movement, against gravity
4 = active movement, against some 		resistance
5 = active movement, against full 		resistance
NT = not testable
50
Q

early SCI treatment activities

A

Mat activites: Teach rolling to prevent pressure sores
Prone –scap strengthening (c4 and c5 maybe even c6); prone on elbows; alternating stab exercises
Supine – onto elbows (C5-6 may need assist); Supine on elbows to the long-sitting postion
Long Sitting: pushup
Transfers

51
Q

intermediate SCI rehab treatment activities

A 
Self ROM
Transfers – wheelchair to floor and vice versa
Advanced wheelchair skills 
Ascend and descend curb
Aquatic Therapy
52
Q

advanced SCI rehab treatment activites

A

Ambulation training
Standing? – Parallel Bars!, KAFO(knee ankle foot orthotic)
Forearm crutch gait activities
How to get up from the floor

To get to this phase could take 2-3 months. To be able to walk need to have some abs. t8 needed

53
Q

define parkinsons disease

A

a progressive neurodegenerative disease which involves the loss of cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra.

54
Q

PD symptoms is under 40

A

It seems that dystonia (involuntary muscle contraction)

trembling is less common in younger people and cognitive disorders

55
Q

PD often considered a

A

It is often classified as an “extrapyramidal disorder” something that happens at the medulla oblongata.

56
Q

four signs of parkinsons

A 
tremour
festinating gait
mask like face
rigidity
pill rolling effect
poor posture reflexes
57
Q

5 potential causes of PD

A 
Idiopathic
Toxic exposure 
Arteriosclerotic 
Shy-Drager syndrome 
Postencephalitic leads to substancia nigra
Steele-Richardson-Olszewsli syndrome 
Drug Induced 
Trauma
58
Q

PT treatment for PD

A 
Extension to work against trunk flex
Trunk rot’n
Reciprocal motion
Weight shifting
Facial mobility
Hand dexterity
ADLs
59
Q

common activities to do with people with PD

A 
Sit to stand from chair
Figure of eights walking around chairs
Step turns-breaks up festinating gait
Walk and clap – reciprocal (over other sides)
Shift fwd and lean back (Tai Chi)
Backstroke in standing
Hip walking on floor
Treadmill
Laser pointer
Step over bolsters-any sort of obstacle
60
Q

MS pathology

A

Scar-like plaques commonly on the basal ganglia, optic nerve, 3rd and 4th ventricles, midbrain (basal ganglia), pons and spinal cord

61
Q

The measure of progression* of MS (extremes only)

A

0 – Normal Neurological exam
10.0 - Death due to MS, results from respiratory paralysis, coma of uncertain origin, or following repeated or prolonged epileptic seizures.

62
Q

what is the most common type of MS

A

RRMS

63
Q

what is RRMS

A

It is characterized by one or two flare-ups every 1 to 3 years, followed by periods of remission.

64
Q

benign MS

A

The most common symptom is sensory (paresthesia, pins and needles) (33%) and Optic Neurtis (33%) (their first attack either the 2 of those). The younger the Dx usually indicates a more favorable course.

65
Q

PPMS

A

Primary progressive MS generally appears in people in their forties, and it is the only form of MS that affects men and women equally.**

66
Q

how is MS diagnosed

A

(1) a patient must experience two separate attacks at least one month apart–an attack, also called a flare or relapse (exacerbation), is the sudden appearance (lasting at least 24 hours) of a classic MS symptom–and(2) there must be detectable damage to the myelin of the CNS. There must be a history of myelin damage. It must have occurred more than once and must not have a causal connection with other demyelination diseases

67
Q

areas where MS is more prevalent

A

: Northern USA, southern Canada, northern and central Europe, Southern Scandinavia, eastern Russia, South Africa and NW Austrailia

68
Q

MS frequency stats

A

The high frequency zones for MS at 50-120/100,000 population are Europe, Canada, Russia, Israel, Northern U.S.A., New Zealand and South-East Australia.
Lowest frequency zones for MS at 5/100,000 population are Asia, Africa and South America

69
Q

MS management

A 
Graded Exercise
Aerobic exercise
Cold (avoid heat) 
Muscle Tone – may use fasc/inhib techs
ROM
Sensory feedback – pain
Functional training
Gait training and adaptive aids
70
Q

define ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

71
Q

ALSis…

A

progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord.

degeneration of the motor neurons

72
Q

what is an initial sign of ALS?

A

Muscle weakness is a hallmark initial sign in ALS, occurring in approximately 60% of patients.

73
Q

ALS survival rate

A

Eighty per cent of those diagnosed will die within two to five years. Less than 10 per cent of cases are hereditary and are called familial ALS, 90 per cent of ALS cases have no known cause and are referred to as sporadic ALS. ALS is not contagious.

74
Q

ALS diagnosis

A

EMG (electromyography, is an important part of the diagnostic process. (of the nerve going to a muscle

75
Q

PT for ALS

A
  • stretching and strength programs to maintain strength and range of motion, and to promote general health.
  • Swimming may be a good choice for people with ALS, as it provides a low-impact exercise to most muscle groups.
  • Regular stretching can prevent contractures.
  • Below a 10 rep
  • Chest physio for assisted coughing
76
Q

define Gullian Barre

A

inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nerves.

77
Q

Gullian Barre is characterized by…

A

It is characterized by the rapid onset of weakness and, often, paralysis of the legs, arms, breathing muscles and face

78
Q

how is GBS diagnosed?

A

The rapid onset of (ascending) weakness, frequently accompanied by abnormal sensations that affect both sides of the body similarly, is a common presenting picture.

79
Q

what causes GBS

A

Perhaps 50% of cases occur shortly after a microbial (viral or bacterial) infection such as a sore throat or diarrhea

80
Q

symptoms of MG

A

eyelids, chewing, swallowing, coughing and facial expression (muscles of the face more common).

81
Q

what causes MG

A

In MG, there is as much as an 80% reduction in the number of Ach (exhititory neurotransmitter) receptor sites.

82
Q

MG classifications (extrememes)

A 
CLASS I (1)Any ocular (eye) muscle weakness; may have weakness of eye closure; all other muscle strength is normal.
CLASS V(5) Defined by intubation, with or without mechanical ventilation, except when employed during routine postoperative management. (ventilator support)
83
Q

treatment for MG

A

no known cure but Common treatments include medications, thymectomy and plasmapheresis. Spontaneous improvement and even remission may occur without specific therapy.

84
Q

post polio syndrome symptoms

A

slowly progressive muscle weakness, unaccustomed fatigue (both generalized and muscular), and, at times, muscle atrophy. Pain from joint degeneration and increasing skeletal deformities such as scoliosis are common.

85
Q

what causes PPS

A

The cause is unknown. However, the new weakness of PPS appears to be related to the degeneration of individual nerve terminals in the motor units (almost like they got burned out) that remain after the initial illness.

86
Q

criteria for diagnosing pps

A

-neuromuscular examination, and signs of nerve damage on electromyography (EMG).
-(having polio before)
-fatigability (decreased endurance), with or without generalized fatigue, muscle atrophy, or muscle and joint pain. Onset may at times follow trauma, surgery, or a period of inactivity, and can appear to be sudden. Less commonly, symptoms attributed to PPS include new problems with breathing or swallowing.
Symptoms that persist for at least a year.

87
Q

how is pps treated

A

-There are currently no effective pharmaceutical or specific treatments for the syndrome itself. However, a number of controlled studies have demonstrated that nonfatiguing exercises muscle strength. can improve
Low impact aerobic excersise

88
Q

what is thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition whereby symptoms are produced from compression of nerves or blood vessels or both(in brachial plexus) (neurovascular), because of an inadequate passageway through an area (thoracic outlet) between the base of the neck and the armpit.

89
Q

3 main causes of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Anterior scalene tightness
Costoclavicular approximation
Pectoralis minor tightness

90
Q

what is..Anterior scalene tightness

A

Anterior scalene tightness-for side bending neck
Compression of the interscalene space between the anterior and middle scalene muscles-probably from nerve root irritation, spondylosis or facet joint inflammation leading to muscle spasm.

91
Q

what is.. Costoclavicular approximation

A

Costoclavicular approximation-clavicle pressing down on 1st rib
Compression in the space between the clavicle, the first rib and the muscular and ligamentous structures in the area-probably from postural deficiencies or carrying heavy objects.

92
Q

what does Pectoralis minor tightness cause in thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Pectoralis minor tightness
Compression beneath the tendon of the pectoralis minor under the coracoid process-may result from repetitive movements of the arms above the head

93
Q

symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Symptoms include neck, shoulder, and arm pain, numbness, or impaired circulation to the extremities (causing discoloration). Often symptoms are reproduced when the arm is positioned above the shoulder or extended. Patients can have a wide spectrum of symptoms from mild and intermittent, to severe and constant. Pains can extend to the fingers and hands, causing weakness.

94
Q

how is TOS diagnosed

A

Certain maneuvers of the arm and neck can produce symptoms and blood vessel “pinching” causing a loss of pulse (alan test).

95
Q

the adson or scalene maneuver

A

The examiner locates the radial pulse. The patient rotates their head toward the tested arm and lets the head tilt backwards (extends the neck) while the examiner extends the arm. A positive test is indicated by a disappearance of the pulse.

96
Q

allen test

A

The examiner flexes the patient’s elbow to 90 degrees while the shoulder is extended horizontally and rotated laterally. The patient is asked to turn their head away from the tested arm. The radial pulse is palpated and if it disappears as the patient’s head is rotated the test is considered positive.
Stretches scalines

97
Q

What is the treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

stretches

98
Q

define carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a painful progressive condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

99
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Symptoms usually start gradually, with pain, weakness, or numbness in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm. As symptoms worsen, people might feel tingling during the day, and decreased grip strength may make it difficult to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform other manual tasks.

100
Q

define bells palsy

A
  • Bell’s palsy is a condition that causes the facial muscles to weaken or become paralyzed.
  • It’s caused by trauma to the 7th cranial (muscles of the face) nerve, and is not permanent.
101
Q

bells palsy’s prevalence

A

The incidence of Bell’s palsy in males and females, as well as in the various races is also approximately equal.

102
Q

who is effected by bell’s palsy

A

Older people are more likely to be afflicted, but children are not immune to it. Children tend to recover well.
Diabetics are more than 4 times more likely to develop Bell’s palsy than the general population.
The last trimester of pregnancy is considered to be a time of increased risk for Bell’s palsy

103
Q

bell’s palsy treatment

A

Prednisone and antivirals might be started as quickly as possible. The “window of opportunity” for starting these medications is thought to be 7 days from the onset of Bell’s palsy. Prednisone may be prescribed later if it appears the inflammation has not subsided.
Rest is important. The body has had an injury, and will heal most efficiently with enough rest to maintain strength and immunity at peak levels. It’s normal to feel more tired than is usual during recovery.
Food particles can lodge between the gum and cheek, so take extra steps to maintain oral hygiene.
Wear eyeglasses with tinted lenses, or sunglasses (see eye care for additional important information).
Take extra care to keep your eye moist while working on a computer. Even under normal circumstances people tend to blink less frequently while at a computer. For a dry, non-blinking eye, this can be more of a problem. Keep eye drops handy, and remember to manually blink your eye with the back of the index finger.

104
Q

3 branches of glascow coma scale

A

Eye Opening Response
Verbal Response
Motor Response

PTA 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions