Exam 2

Question 1

Open-sourced questions

Answer 1

Allows respondents to answer in any way they like

Question 2

Forced choice questions

Answer 2

People giving their opinions by choosing the best of two or more options

Question 3

Likert Scale

Answer 3

Presented with a statement and then asked how they would indicate their degree of agreement

Question 4

Semantic differential format

Answer 4

Respondents asked to rate a target object using a numeric scale that is anchored with adjectives

Question 5

Leading Questions

Answer 5

Framing a question as positive or negative will lead an answer that will give an answer that goes along with the wording of the question

Question 6

Negatively worded question

Answer 6

Unnecessarily complicated questions that can cause cognitive difficulty for people

Question 7

Response sets/nondifferentiation

Answer 7

Type of shortcut respondents can take when answering survey questions

Question 8

Acquiescence/yea-saying

Answer 8

Respondents say yes to something without reading the question carefully (reason for including inverse worded questions)

Question 9

Fence sitting

Answer 9

Playing it safe and answering all of the questions in the middle (this may be a reason to include even numbered questions.

Question 10

Socially desirable responding/faking good

Answer 10

Because a respondent is shy, embarrassed or worried about answering wit an unpopular opinon, they will not tell the truth on a survey or another self-report measure. A similar problem would be faking bad

Question 11

Observational Research

Answer 11

A researcher watches people or animals and systematically records what they are doing

Question 12

Observer Bias

Answer 12

When the observers’ expectation influence their interpretation of the participants behavior in the outcome of the study

Question 13

Masked Design/Blind design

Answer 13

When observers are unaware of the conditions to which participants have been assigned and unaware of what the study is about

Question 14

Generalizability

Answer 14

Does the sample represent the population

Question 15

Population

Answer 15

The entire set of people or products in which you are interested in

Question 16

Sample

Answer 16

A smaller set of the population

Question 17

Census

Answer 17

A survey of the entire population

Question 18

Population of interest

Answer 18

The population that the researchers want to generalize

Question 19

Biased sample/unrepresented sample

Answer 19

Members of the population of interest have a much higher probability of being included in the sample compared to other members

Question 20

Representative sample/unbiased sample

Answer 20

All members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample

Question 21

Convenience sampling

Answer 21

Using a sample of people who are readily available to participate

Question 22

Self-selection

Answer 22

When a sample is known to contain only people who volunteer to participate

Question 23

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 23

A hat with tickets in it

Question 24

Cluster sampling

Answer 24

Clusters of participants within a population of interest are randomly selected, then all individuals in each selected cluster are used

Question 25

Multistage sampling

Answer 25

Two random samples are selected: a random sample of clusters and then a random set of people within clusters

Question 26

Stratified random sampling

Answer 26

The researcher selects particular demographic categories on purpose and then randomly selects individuals within each of the categories

Question 27

Oversampling

Answer 27

The researcher intentionally over represents one or more groups

Question 28

Systematic sampling

Answer 28

Using a computer or a random number table, the researcher selects a random number then counts off

Question 29

Random assignment

Answer 29

Only in experimental designs, researchers place participants into different groups and are assigned at random

Question 30

Purposive Sampling

Answer 30

When researchers only want to study certain kinds of people and only recruit those particular participants

Question 31

Snowball sampling

Answer 31

Participants are asked to recommend people to the study

Question 32

Quota sampling

Answer 32

The researcher identifies subsets of the population of interest and then sets a target number for each category in the sample

Question 33

Bivariate correlation/bivariate associationn

Answer 33

An association that involves exactly two variables

Question 34

Categorical variable

Answer 34

The value falls in either one category or another

Question 35

Quantitative variable

Answer 35

The value of 7 means more than 6, 6 means more than 5 and so on

Question 36

T test

Answer 36

When testing associations and only one variable is categorical

Question 37

Effect size

Answer 37

Describes the strength of an association

Question 38

Statistical significance

Answer 38

The conclusion a researcher reaches regarding how likely it is they’d get a correlation of that size just by chance, assuming there’s no correlation in the real world

Question 39

Outlier

Answer 39

An extreme score that stands out over the pack

Question 40

Restriction of range

Answer 40

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables in the association, it can make the correlation appear smaller than it really is

Question 41

Curvilinear association/curvilinear correlation

Answer 41

The relationship between two variables that is not a straight line

Question 42

Causal temptation

Answer 42

The powerful automatic tendency to make a causal inference from any association claim we read

Question 43

The three causal criteria

Answer 43

Covariance of the cause and effect, temporal precedence, Internal validity

Question 44

Covariance of cause and effect

Answer 44

There must be a correlation, or association between the cause variable and the effect variable

Question 45

Temporal precedence

Answer 45

The causal variable must precede the effect variable; it must come first in time

Question 46

Internal validity

Answer 46

There must be no plausible alternative explanations for the relationship between the two variables

Question 47

Directionality problem/temporal precedence

Answer 47

We don’t know which variable came first

Question 48

Third-variable problem

Answer 48

When we can come up with an alternative explanation for the association between two variables, that alternative explanation is the third variable

Question 49

Moderator

Answer 49

When the relationship between two variables changes depending on the level of another variable, that other variable is the moderator

Question 50

Covariance

Answer 50

The two variables are clearly related

Question 51

Temporal precedence

Answer 51

Ability to show which variable comes first

Question 52

Internal validity

Answer 52

Is it more likely to be explained by a third variable?

Question 53

Longitudinal design

Answer 53

Measuring the same variables in the same people at several points in time

Question 54

Cross-sectional correlations

Answer 54

Testing to see whether two variables, measured at the same point in time are correlated

Question 55

Autocorrelations

Answer 55

They determine the correlation of one variable with itself, measured on two different occasions

Question 56

Cross-lag correlations

Answer 56

Show whether the earlier measure of one variable is associated with the later measure of the other variable- researchers are most interested in this

Question 57

Parsimony

Answer 57

The degree to which a good scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon

Question 58

Mediator/mediating variable

Answer 58

The explanations for causal relationships- only established when the proposed causal variable is measured first in a study and then is followed by the mediating variable, and the followed by the proposed outcome variable

Question 59

Survey/Poll

Answer 59

A method of answering questions to people, whether on the phone, in person, written questionnaires or online