Exam 2 Flashcards
Phosphorylation and photophosphorylation differ by
Chlorophyll
Linoleate
Synthesizes by plants not humans
Which requires more than one step Ala to pyruvate Glu to a keto Asp to OAA Pro to gluta Phenylalanine to succinate
Pro to gluta and
Phenylalanine to succinate
Urea cycle involves
Aspartate
ATP
Ornithine
Carbamoyl phosphate
High conc of urea means
Only protein diet
Inorganic nitrogen to organic molecule involves
Glutamine synthetase
Nitrogenase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutamate synthase
Free radical Q
Converts electron pairs to single electron transfers because cytochromes and other carriers can only handle one at a time
A cell unable to obtain tetrahydrofolic acid H4 folate would be deficient in biosynthesis
TMP
Inosinate
Purine nucleotide precursor of both adenylate and guanylate
Purine nucleotide synthesis
Requires CO2
Has AMP IMP and GMP inhibitors
Glycine is an ex precursor
Thioredoxin
Reducing agent
Synthesizes deoxyribosenucleotides from ribonucleotides
One amino acid directly involved in purine biosynthesis
Aspartate
Precursor for biosynthesis of pyramidine ring
Carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate
Principal committed step in biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is
Conversion of 5 phosphoribosyl 1 pyrophosphate to 5 phospho D ribosylamine
14N 15N
Labels for semi conservative DNA
Accuracy of DNA replication is because of
3 hydroxyl
Watson crick base pairing
Polymerase active site
3-5 active site
Dam methylase
Methylated GATC sequences at 5 end
P700
Has the lowest E
Best reducing agent
Z scheme
Cyclic vs noncyclic photophosphorylation
Noncyclic reduces NADP and liberates O2
Cyclic produces ATP no O2 or NADPH
Why do plants reduced CO2 to glucose
At night plants need ATP from glycolysis and Krebs
Need glucose to produce starch and cellulose
Need glucose as a precursor of components
C4
Tropical plants
Four carbon compound by which CO2 is shuttled from mesophyll cells to bundle sheath cells
Aminotransferase
Amino group is transferred to an alpha keto acid to from amino acid
Require pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor
Alpha ketoglutarate
Direct acceptor of an additional amino acid group in amino acid catabolism
How many high energy phosphate bonds used to form urea
4
Krebs bicycle
Overlapping Krebs and urea cycles OAA converted to aspartate Asp combined with citrus line Argino cleaved Fumarate is Krebs intermediate
CHOH is attached to what cofactor
Tetrahydrofolic
Nick translation
Removes RNA primer when polymerization of Okazaki fragment stops
Exonucleases
Degrade DNA at free end
Synthesis of Okazaki fragments in order
Helicase Primase Pol III Pol I Lipase
Poor in GC
Origin of replication
Means it has a lot of AT which is easier for replication
Which amino acids hold Mg in DNA pol I
Asp and asp
What is a clue that DNA pol I is involved in repair
Ecoli lacking Pol I was viable but sensitive to DNA damage
Cyanide
Binds to Fe of cytochrome a
How many photons of light at 680 nm are required
4
Photochemical rxn center steps
Light excitation Exciton transfer Excitation of chrolophyll a Passage to ETC Replacement of electron
Adenosylmethionine
Contained a charged sulfur that carries methyl to be transferred
Urea from ammonia
Aspartate supplies N in urea
Energy expensive
Rate fluctuates with diet
Fumarate is produced
How many different compounds supply the atoms in purine biosynthesis
5
CTP
Affects the enzymes conformation to a low activity form
Why are Okazaki discontinuous
Both strands are synthesized at same time in 5-3
Lagging is read in 3-5 so it must wait until DNA pol to operate
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
Aminopterin
Will inhibit DNA synthesis
Why are incorrect bases inserted
Tautomeric forms make non Watson crick base pairings and these fit the pol active site as well as standard Watson crick base pairs
Why is the overall error rate 100000 x smaller than polymerase rate
Pol has 3’ exonuclease activity which cuts off mispaired base
Holliday junction
Site specific recombination
Strand exchange
Gene inversion
Self splicing
Removal is catalyzed by RNA transcript itself
Dolichol phosphate
Glycosylation of proteins
Proteasome
Ubiquinated proteins are degraded
Positive regulation
Transcriptions off unless activator binds
Why are protein domains with DNA small
Must fit into major groove
Zinc finger motifs
Zinc stabilizes protein conformation by interacting with side chains
Low lac level
Means some lactose permease will be present in cell membrane
If cell needs to use lactose, it will allow lactose to enter and turn on operon
Error catastrophe
Leads to extinction when loss of info through errors EXCEED the gain by natural selection
Double origin hypothesis
Dyson
Hardware and software
John Von Neumann
tRNA
rRNA
Enzymes
Lowest error rate
Modern replication
Is delta G related to rate
NO
**A person who cannot synthesize fructose 1 6 biphosphate would not be able to
Resynthesize glucose from lactate during exercise
Control point
Regulated by cell energy supply
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Does not generate O2
**how many ATP formed in glycolysis to pyruvate from glycogen
3
**Phosphofructokinase activity is enhanced by
Increased fructose 2 6 biphosphate conc
**Glycogen metabolism steps
Hormone binding Formation of cAMP Activation of protein kinase Phosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase
**If enolase was inhibited
3 phosphoglycerate would increase
**Conversion of 1G6P to 2lactate needs
3 ATP
**If c3 labeled glucose were fed to yeast carrying out ethanol fermentation
CO2 would be labeled
**if glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate was labeled at C1 F16BP would be labeled
C3 and C4
**Galactosemia
Deficient UDP glucose: galactose
**Increased glucagon levels
Phosphorylation of PFK
PFK is inhibited
Glycolysis is slowed
**Control of gluconeogenesis
Glucagon stimulates adenylcyclase
cAMP stimulates phosphorylation
FBPase lowers F26BP level
Linked to glycolysis
**What has an immediate effect on glycogen breakdown
Increased cAMP
Increased AMP/ATP
Increased glucagon
**Which describes FA transport
Rate limiting step
Regulated by malonyl
Cytosolic and matrix pools are separate
Committed to oxidation
**When serum glucose levels fall
Glycolysis continues normally
**if C1 is labeled in glucose and enters glycolysis , what’s labeled in G3P
C3 50%
**Oxidation reductions rxns always require
Transfer of electrons
