Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the risk of using anatomically correct dolls with children under five
Increase the number of false allegations
Which gender of child is most likely to be abused
Girls
Name four types of questioning likely to have increased false memories of abuse in the preschool trials
Repeated questions
suggesting questions
re-wards and
disagreeing
Where the four phases of the NICHD interviewing protocol
Interviewer introduces himself
Create relaxed supportive environment
Give child upon under investigation
During what phase is the child instructed to say I don’t know if that is true
First stage
During which phase is the child font used I heard that your mom is worried about something that might have happened to you
Third stage
During what phase is the child incident specific questions about his account
Fourth stage
When an alleged victim is a child a teacher parent or physician is often where to stand in for the child and testify about what was said this procedure is an exception to the usually admissible _______ evidence
Hearsay testimony
Researchers found that the use of close circuit TV had 2 important effects what were they
Allowing the full and truthful testimony and less risk for emotional trauma
The term _________ means that in the dog remembers that she has been sexually abused here’s our even decades earlier
Recovered memories
What is the typical context leading to the discovery of long forgotten memories of abuse
Begins with an adult woman who goes to therapy to help dealing with an emotional problem
In the interim case Richard off she found that Ingram was exceptionally ________ person who’s intense prayer induce a ________ during which imagine event became difficult to distinguish from authentic memories
Suggestible
trancelike state
Elizabeth found that after two interviews conducted over a period of weeks ____ percent of the people came to remember most are all of the implanted lost in the mall event
25%
And subsequent studies Ira discovered that ________ is of crucial importance and creating false memories
Visual imagery
Eyewitness testimony leads to the conviction of innocent people more then do false confessions.
True
List five factors included in the mason criteria
Witnesses opportunity to view perpetrator Witnesses level of attention Accuracy of offenders description Degree of certainty Time between identifying and the crime
Can people at a crime scene Accurately estimate the passage of time
It’s more difficult
When Mr. Wu an Asian man says of us panic suspect I can always tell there are too many look-alikes he’s giving an example of the problem of
Cross race affect
If the witness sees the perpetrator holding a gun or knife their ability to recognize the assailant is
Impaired
The phenomenon of _______ means that the witness mistakenly identified someone near the scene of the crime or someone seen as part of the identification process
Unconscious transference
What was the main factor discovered by Elizabeth and her studies of eyewitness to car crashes
Words can change someone’s memory
Wiley how to expectations for sequences and actions occur in a particular situation I referred to as
Scripts
Research has shown the witness confidence can be moderately correlated with ______ But only weekly correlated with _______
Persuasiveness
accuracy
What is Post identification feedback
Bias feedback that distorts memory
What unwanted affect my post identification feedback have
You confirm the person in your head
How does children’s eyewitness testimony different from adults
Less accurate info
Under what conditions are children about as accurate as an adult using lineup procedures
Only if that you perpetrator is in the lineup
Recommendations into ways to improve eyewitness accuracy typically focuses on what type of variable
System variables
The first rule for improved eyewitness accuracy is that the person administrating the lineups know who the real suspect is do you agree
No
Telling the witness that the person who committed the crime may not be in the lineup is an example of
Bias reducing instruction
The Richard sketch described in the book and the photo of fryer and the lecture illustrate the principle of ______ lineup
Unbiased
When should estimates of witness confidence be made
After identified and before feedback
What is the best way to create a lasting record of what transpired during the identification process
Video recording
Lineups can be sequential are stimulation which is best
Sequential
What is the effect of expert testimony on eyewitness accuracy on a jury
Less credence in witness testimony
What does the term memory hardening mean
After an event is vividly imagined it then becomes true
A related technique called the ______ involves a subtitle step-by-step procedure designed to relax the witness and two mentally reinstate the context surrounding the crime
Cognitive interview
Bond and depaulo statistically synthesized the result of 385 research studies that test Lie section powers
54% of knowing if someone lying
When Liars had time to plan out and rehearse there lies the lies were harder to detect
True
How does the use of actual interrogation training videos affect the ability to the detect lies
Bias judgment and more confident
List for characteristics of the liars stereotype
Gaze
Squirm
Touch themselves more
Stutter
Im rescue arch by Kassin Meissner and Norwick police detectives and college student
College students perform slightly better and less confident
What does the term confirmation bias mean
Search for evidence that confirms our beliefs
The theory of the polygraph is simple act of lying ___________
Will cause psychological arousal
The press is generally credited with the development of the modern lie detector was
William m marston
The use of the lighted sucked as a method of deciding who gets a job and it keeps a job was ________ by the federal polygraph protection act
Abolished
The problem with the relevant irrelevant test is that
A high rate of False positives
of the polygraph techniques discussed in the text which is by far the most commonly used
Control question test
In CQT _________ are uncomfortable for suspects but not directly related to the crime under investigation
Controlled questions
How many states permit the use of positive evidence in court
New Mexico
Which of the polygraph technique seem to be highly accurate and correct identifying innocent suspects in there for avoiding false positives
Guilty knowledge test
When the police sergeant told Peter know the polygraph can never be wrong because it’s only recording instrument he was using the polygraph as
Coercion device
The action of the brain is captured by taking a photograph image of _________ is being used in every part of the brain at the given point in time
Oxygen usage
Does lying and telling the truth produce different cities and brain activity that are detectable by the MRI
Yes
The main limitation with the MRIs a light attacked or is that a research samples no one subject showed a strong ________ while lying
Consistent activation pattern
The EEG monitors brain activity by means of
Electrodes pressed to the scalp
When subjects were required to lie researchers discovered a _______ brainwave milliseconds after the lie
Fluctuation
And contemporary research confessions were rated a significantly more incriminating that any other form of evidence but oddly not as pieces of evidence that most powerfully influenced verdict
False
Kassin and sukel tested the effect of coerced confessions on Jerry decisions. Mock jurors no problem recognizing that the confessionals coerced and involuntary. What affected clearly coerced confessions in the study have on the rate of conviction
31%
Drizen and leo studied 125 cases of proven false confessions the suspect ultimately pled not guilty at the trial what was the rate of conviction of these cases of innocent people who falsely confessed
81%
What does fundamental attribution error mean how does it apply to first confession
Understanding people’s behavior to stressful situations
Went report lead to a change in tactic from out right brutality and torture to convert forms of abuse that left no trace
The report on lawlessness in law-enforcement
In what year did a combination of cases result in coerced confessions being ruled and admissible
1961
List the four parts of the mandarin warning
Yeah the right to remain silent
Anything you say could be used against you
If you can avoid Winona be appointed to you
Do you understand these rights as I have
The Supreme Court decision rulings have committed psychological coercion in the form of lying and trickery in order to induce a confession
true
List for fundamental strategies in the Reid technique
Control
Social isolation
Guilt
Scenarios
The interrogator induces a ________ by managing every aspect of the and of you including its location pace and length
Loss of control
Why suspects interviewed alone
Deprived of emotional support and the lack of information
Which of the four Reid techniques involves evidence ploys
Certainty of guilt
To clear the path for admission of guilt the end of year may offer face-saving justifications are excuses for the crime
Exculpatory scenarios
According to the innocence Project what percent of wrongful convictions involve false confessions
25%
What does physical custody mean
How much time a child spends with each parent
What does legal custody mean
The rights and responsibilities of parents
What does joint legal custody mean
Decisions must be negotiated by both parents
What does sole custody mean
One parent has legal and physical custody while the other typically has some rights to visit the child
How often does the mother obtain sole physical custody
75%
List two benefits of joint custody
I’m sure the both parents you mean closely involved in raising a child
Financial support of the child is more stable
Under English common law the legal doctrine of _________ controlled disposition of children after divorce
Pater familias
Under the _______ Young children and all female children are supposed to be placed with mothers
Tender years doctrine
The ________ suggest that court should a word custody to the parent who is primarily responsible for raising a child prior to divorce
Primary caretaker rule
Since 1976 the best interest of the child standard has been largely defined by the ______ act
Uniform marriage and divorce
List three problems with the best interest of the child standard
Unintentionally escalate conflicts between parents
Ask Courts to predict the future
Means that particular type of custody usually joint legal or sole custody will be ordered by the courts unless it can be shown that this preferred arrangement is not a child’s best interest
Preferred custody arrangements
Under the ___________ proposed by the American law institute the custody arrangement should approximate The Care taking relationships that exist to try to voice
Approximation rule
List three difficulties with assessing the effects of divorce on children
Longitudinal research
Hard to distinguish between psychological problems prior to the divorce And caused by the divorce
Healthy adjustment
Research has shown that compares a child from intact families, children of divorced parents have _____ The risk of developing psychological problems
Twice
What does the term externalizing problems mean
Acting out
In the relocation the voice has a favorable consequences for the child raising these occasions are you should explain by the ___________ hypothesis
Relief hypothesis
Researchers have identified a cluster a personality trait termed _________ May make adaption to divorce easier
Resilience
PAS refers to
One pair of the time to make their child unfairly fear the other parent involved in the custodial dispute
List the six behaviors and feelings that characterize PAS
Large number of negative statement Claimed by the child that her negative believes other parent Imagine scenarios Extreme loyalty to offending parent Lack of remorse for cruel acts Fear reactions of people
Has PAS been throughly researched
False
Testimony that directly answers the fundamental question for the court and therefore takes over the role of the judge or jury is referred to as
Ultimate issue testimony
A neutral third-party who brings a divorced couple together in a no adversarial setting is called a
Mediator
The goal of meditation is
To get parents to raise above their differences and to focus on the needs of the children
Emory et al 2001 found that meditation lead to Plecity claimants more ______ and in _______ than court procedures.
Quickly
Fewer sessions
