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Forensic psychology. > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the risk of using anatomically correct dolls with children under five

A

Increase the number of false allegations

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1
Q

Which gender of child is most likely to be abused

A

Girls

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2
Q

Name four types of questioning likely to have increased false memories of abuse in the preschool trials

A

Repeated questions
suggesting questions
re-wards and
disagreeing

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3
Q

Where the four phases of the NICHD interviewing protocol

A

Interviewer introduces himself
Create relaxed supportive environment
Give child upon under investigation

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4
Q

During what phase is the child instructed to say I don’t know if that is true

A

First stage

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5
Q

During which phase is the child font used I heard that your mom is worried about something that might have happened to you

A

Third stage

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6
Q

During what phase is the child incident specific questions about his account

A

Fourth stage

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7
Q

When an alleged victim is a child a teacher parent or physician is often where to stand in for the child and testify about what was said this procedure is an exception to the usually admissible _______ evidence

A

Hearsay testimony

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8
Q

Researchers found that the use of close circuit TV had 2 important effects what were they

A

Allowing the full and truthful testimony and less risk for emotional trauma

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9
Q

The term _________ means that in the dog remembers that she has been sexually abused here’s our even decades earlier

A

Recovered memories

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10
Q

What is the typical context leading to the discovery of long forgotten memories of abuse

A

Begins with an adult woman who goes to therapy to help dealing with an emotional problem

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11
Q

In the interim case Richard off she found that Ingram was exceptionally ________ person who’s intense prayer induce a ________ during which imagine event became difficult to distinguish from authentic memories

A

Suggestible

trancelike state

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12
Q

Elizabeth found that after two interviews conducted over a period of weeks ____ percent of the people came to remember most are all of the implanted lost in the mall event

A

25%

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13
Q

And subsequent studies Ira discovered that ________ is of crucial importance and creating false memories

A

Visual imagery

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14
Q

Eyewitness testimony leads to the conviction of innocent people more then do false confessions.

A

True

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15
Q

List five factors included in the mason criteria

A 
Witnesses opportunity to view perpetrator
Witnesses level of attention
Accuracy of offenders description
Degree of certainty
Time between identifying and the crime
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16
Q

Can people at a crime scene Accurately estimate the passage of time

A

It’s more difficult

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17
Q

When Mr. Wu an Asian man says of us panic suspect I can always tell there are too many look-alikes he’s giving an example of the problem of

A

Cross race affect

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18
Q

If the witness sees the perpetrator holding a gun or knife their ability to recognize the assailant is

A

Impaired

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19
Q

The phenomenon of _______ means that the witness mistakenly identified someone near the scene of the crime or someone seen as part of the identification process

A

Unconscious transference

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20
Q

What was the main factor discovered by Elizabeth and her studies of eyewitness to car crashes

A

Words can change someone’s memory

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21
Q

Wiley how to expectations for sequences and actions occur in a particular situation I referred to as

A

Scripts

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22
Q

Research has shown the witness confidence can be moderately correlated with ______ But only weekly correlated with _______

A

Persuasiveness

accuracy

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23
Q

What is Post identification feedback

A

Bias feedback that distorts memory

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24
Q

What unwanted affect my post identification feedback have

A

You confirm the person in your head

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25
Q

How does children’s eyewitness testimony different from adults

A

Less accurate info

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26
Q

Under what conditions are children about as accurate as an adult using lineup procedures

A

Only if that you perpetrator is in the lineup

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27
Q

Recommendations into ways to improve eyewitness accuracy typically focuses on what type of variable

A

System variables

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28
Q

The first rule for improved eyewitness accuracy is that the person administrating the lineups know who the real suspect is do you agree

A

No

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29
Q

Telling the witness that the person who committed the crime may not be in the lineup is an example of

A

Bias reducing instruction

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30
Q

The Richard sketch described in the book and the photo of fryer and the lecture illustrate the principle of ______ lineup

A

Unbiased

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31
Q

When should estimates of witness confidence be made

A

After identified and before feedback

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32
Q

What is the best way to create a lasting record of what transpired during the identification process

A

Video recording

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33
Q

Lineups can be sequential are stimulation which is best

A

Sequential

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34
Q

What is the effect of expert testimony on eyewitness accuracy on a jury

A

Less credence in witness testimony

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35
Q

What does the term memory hardening mean

A

After an event is vividly imagined it then becomes true

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36
Q

A related technique called the ______ involves a subtitle step-by-step procedure designed to relax the witness and two mentally reinstate the context surrounding the crime

A

Cognitive interview

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37
Q

Bond and depaulo statistically synthesized the result of 385 research studies that test Lie section powers

A

54% of knowing if someone lying

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38
Q

When Liars had time to plan out and rehearse there lies the lies were harder to detect

A

True

39
Q

How does the use of actual interrogation training videos affect the ability to the detect lies

A

Bias judgment and more confident

40
Q

List for characteristics of the liars stereotype

A

Gaze
Squirm
Touch themselves more
Stutter

41
Q

Im rescue arch by Kassin Meissner and Norwick police detectives and college student

A

College students perform slightly better and less confident

42
Q

What does the term confirmation bias mean

A

Search for evidence that confirms our beliefs

43
Q

The theory of the polygraph is simple act of lying ___________

A

Will cause psychological arousal

44
Q

The press is generally credited with the development of the modern lie detector was

A

William m marston

45
Q

The use of the lighted sucked as a method of deciding who gets a job and it keeps a job was ________ by the federal polygraph protection act

A

Abolished

46
Q

The problem with the relevant irrelevant test is that

A

A high rate of False positives

47
Q

of the polygraph techniques discussed in the text which is by far the most commonly used

A

Control question test

48
Q

In CQT _________ are uncomfortable for suspects but not directly related to the crime under investigation

A

Controlled questions

49
Q

How many states permit the use of positive evidence in court

A

New Mexico

50
Q

Which of the polygraph technique seem to be highly accurate and correct identifying innocent suspects in there for avoiding false positives

A

Guilty knowledge test

51
Q

When the police sergeant told Peter know the polygraph can never be wrong because it’s only recording instrument he was using the polygraph as

A

Coercion device

52
Q

The action of the brain is captured by taking a photograph image of _________ is being used in every part of the brain at the given point in time

A

Oxygen usage

53
Q

Does lying and telling the truth produce different cities and brain activity that are detectable by the MRI

A

Yes

54
Q

The main limitation with the MRIs a light attacked or is that a research samples no one subject showed a strong ________ while lying

A

Consistent activation pattern

55
Q

The EEG monitors brain activity by means of

A

Electrodes pressed to the scalp

56
Q

When subjects were required to lie researchers discovered a _______ brainwave milliseconds after the lie

A

Fluctuation

57
Q

And contemporary research confessions were rated a significantly more incriminating that any other form of evidence but oddly not as pieces of evidence that most powerfully influenced verdict

A

False

58
Q

Kassin and sukel tested the effect of coerced confessions on Jerry decisions. Mock jurors no problem recognizing that the confessionals coerced and involuntary. What affected clearly coerced confessions in the study have on the rate of conviction

A

31%

59
Q

Drizen and leo studied 125 cases of proven false confessions the suspect ultimately pled not guilty at the trial what was the rate of conviction of these cases of innocent people who falsely confessed

A

81%

60
Q

What does fundamental attribution error mean how does it apply to first confession

A

Understanding people’s behavior to stressful situations

61
Q

Went report lead to a change in tactic from out right brutality and torture to convert forms of abuse that left no trace

A

The report on lawlessness in law-enforcement

62
Q

In what year did a combination of cases result in coerced confessions being ruled and admissible

A

1961

63
Q

List the four parts of the mandarin warning

A

Yeah the right to remain silent
Anything you say could be used against you
If you can avoid Winona be appointed to you
Do you understand these rights as I have

64
Q

The Supreme Court decision rulings have committed psychological coercion in the form of lying and trickery in order to induce a confession

A

true

65
Q

List for fundamental strategies in the Reid technique

A

Control
Social isolation
Guilt
Scenarios

66
Q

The interrogator induces a ________ by managing every aspect of the and of you including its location pace and length

A

Loss of control

67
Q

Why suspects interviewed alone

A

Deprived of emotional support and the lack of information

68
Q

Which of the four Reid techniques involves evidence ploys

A

Certainty of guilt

69
Q

To clear the path for admission of guilt the end of year may offer face-saving justifications are excuses for the crime

A

Exculpatory scenarios

70
Q

According to the innocence Project what percent of wrongful convictions involve false confessions

A

25%

71
Q

What does physical custody mean

A

How much time a child spends with each parent

72
Q

What does legal custody mean

A

The rights and responsibilities of parents

73
Q

What does joint legal custody mean

A

Decisions must be negotiated by both parents

74
Q

What does sole custody mean

A

One parent has legal and physical custody while the other typically has some rights to visit the child

75
Q

How often does the mother obtain sole physical custody

A

75%

76
Q

List two benefits of joint custody

A

I’m sure the both parents you mean closely involved in raising a child
Financial support of the child is more stable

77
Q

Under English common law the legal doctrine of _________ controlled disposition of children after divorce

A

Pater familias

78
Q

Under the _______ Young children and all female children are supposed to be placed with mothers

A

Tender years doctrine

79
Q

The ________ suggest that court should a word custody to the parent who is primarily responsible for raising a child prior to divorce

A

Primary caretaker rule

80
Q

Since 1976 the best interest of the child standard has been largely defined by the ______ act

A

Uniform marriage and divorce

81
Q

List three problems with the best interest of the child standard

A

Unintentionally escalate conflicts between parents

Ask Courts to predict the future

82
Q

Means that particular type of custody usually joint legal or sole custody will be ordered by the courts unless it can be shown that this preferred arrangement is not a child’s best interest

A

Preferred custody arrangements

83
Q

Under the ___________ proposed by the American law institute the custody arrangement should approximate The Care taking relationships that exist to try to voice

A

Approximation rule

84
Q

List three difficulties with assessing the effects of divorce on children

A

Longitudinal research
Hard to distinguish between psychological problems prior to the divorce And caused by the divorce
Healthy adjustment

85
Q

Research has shown that compares a child from intact families, children of divorced parents have _____ The risk of developing psychological problems

A

Twice

86
Q

What does the term externalizing problems mean

A

Acting out

87
Q

In the relocation the voice has a favorable consequences for the child raising these occasions are you should explain by the ___________ hypothesis

A

Relief hypothesis

88
Q

Researchers have identified a cluster a personality trait termed _________ May make adaption to divorce easier

A

Resilience

89
Q

PAS refers to

A

One pair of the time to make their child unfairly fear the other parent involved in the custodial dispute

90
Q

List the six behaviors and feelings that characterize PAS

A 
Large number of negative statement
Claimed by the child that her negative believes other parent
Imagine scenarios
Extreme loyalty to offending parent
Lack of remorse for cruel acts
Fear reactions of people
91
Q

Has PAS been throughly researched

A

False

92
Q

Testimony that directly answers the fundamental question for the court and therefore takes over the role of the judge or jury is referred to as

A

Ultimate issue testimony

93
Q

A neutral third-party who brings a divorced couple together in a no adversarial setting is called a

A

Mediator

94
Q

The goal of meditation is

A

To get parents to raise above their differences and to focus on the needs of the children

95
Q

Emory et al 2001 found that meditation lead to Plecity claimants more ______ and in _______ than court procedures.

A

Quickly

Fewer sessions

Forensic psychology. (9 decks)

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