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Exercise Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Purposes of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport O2 to tissues & removal of waste

Transport of nutrients to tissues

Regulation of body temperature

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2
Q

Circulatory System includes

A

Heart
Arteries & arterioles
Capillaries
Veins & venules

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3
Q

Arteries & arterioles

A

Carry blood away from heart

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4
Q

Heart

A

Pumps blood

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchange site for nutrients & waste products between tissues & circulation

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6
Q

Veins & venules

A

Carry blood toward heart

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7
Q

Composition of Blood:

A

Composed of liquid plasma & formed elements

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets

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8
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of total blood volume comprised of RBCs (~45% men, 40% women)

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9
Q

Blood vessels

A

Blood transported in closed system of vessels that begins & ends @ heart

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10
Q

Platelets involved with

A

clotting

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11
Q

3 major types of vessels

A

arteries, capillaries, & veins

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12
Q

Arteries carry blood

A

away from heart

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13
Q

Veins carry blood

A

toward heart

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14
Q

Capillaries

A

contact tissue cells & directly serve cellular needs by moving blood both in and out of tissues

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15
Q

Low pressure system

A

veins

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16
Q

High pressure system

A

arteries

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17
Q

Thicker and more elastic vessel

A

arteries

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18
Q

Anastomoses or shunts

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins & venules are either open or selectively by-passed bc blood supply is insufficient for all vascular networks to be simultaneously open (it’s routed to where it is most needed at a particular time)

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19
Q

Pulmonary circuit side of heart

A

right

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20
Q

Pulmonary circuit pumps de/oxygenated blood to WHERE via WHAT

A

deoxygenated to lungs via pulmonary arteries

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21
Q

Systemic circuit side of heart

A

left

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22
Q

Systemic circuit pumps de/oxygenated blood to WHERE via WHAT

A

oxygenated to whole body via arteries

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23
Q

Systemic circuit returns de/oxygenated blood to WHERE via WHAT

A

Returns deoxygenated blood to right heart via veins

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24
Q

Pulmonary circuit returns de/oxygenated blood to WHERE via WHAT

A

Returns oxygenated blood to left heart via pulmonary veins

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25
Q

Epicardium function

A

lubricative outer covering of heart

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26
Q

Myocardium function

A

provides muscular contractions that eject blood from heart chambers

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27
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

systole (contraction phase) and diastole (relaxation phase)

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28
Q

Valves

A

promote blood flow in 1 direction

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29
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

top left-right ventricle to pulmonary artery

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30
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

bottom left-right atrium to right ventricle

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31
Q

Aortic valve

A

top right- left ventricle to aorta

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32
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

bottom right- left atrium to left ventricle

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33
Q

Left ventricle

A

walls are thicker, stronger, and more elastic than others bc it pumps blood throughout whole body

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34
Q

More time in diastole/systole in exercise than rest

A

systole

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35
Q

More time in diastole/systole at rest than exercise

A

diastole

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36
Q

BP

A

Force per unit area exerted on wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood

Measured in reference to systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart

mm Hg

Differences in BP w/in vascular system provide driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

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37
Q

Resistance

A

Opposition to flow

Measure of amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through vessels

referred to as peripheral resistance (PR) or total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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38
Q

Resistance generally encountered in…

A

systemic circulation

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39
Q

3 important sources of resistance are:

A

blood viscosity

total blood vessel length

blood vessel internal diameter

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40
Q

Resistance factors that remain relatively constant are:

A

Blood viscosity – thickness

Blood vessel length – longer the vessel, the greater the resistance encountered

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41
Q

Major determinants of peripheral resistance

A

Small-diameter arterioles

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42
Q

Fatty plaques from atherosclerosis contribute to…

A

a decrease in internal diameter (decreased opening for blood flow)

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43
Q

Fatty plaques from atherosclerosis cause:

A

turbulent blood flow

Turbulence dramatically increases resistance

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44
Q

Resistance varies

A

inversely with 4th power of vessel radius

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45
Q

Blood flow (F) inversely proportional to

A

resistance (R)

if R increases, blood flow decreases

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46
Q

Blood flow (F) directly proportional to difference in WHAT between 2 points in circulation

A

BP

if difference in pressure increases, blood flow speeds up

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47
Q

Is resistance or difference in pressure more important in influencing local blood pressure

A

resistance (R)

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48
Q

Arterial BP reflects 3 factors of arteries close to heart

A

1) elasticity (distensibility & recoil)
2) compliance (distensibility & lack of recoil)
3) volume of blood forced into them @ any given time

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49
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Top #
pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular CONTRACTION

highest reading

LEFT VENTRICLE

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50
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Bottom #
arterial pressure during cardiac RELAXATION

lowest reading

RIGHT VENTRICLE

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51
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic & diastolic pressure

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52
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

pressure that propels blood to tissues

=diastolic pressure + ⅓ pulse pressure

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53
Q

Blood flows along what kind of gradient

A

pressure; always moving from high to low

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54
Q

Pressure results when…

A

flow is opposed by resistance

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55
Q

Steepest change in BP occurs in…

A

arterioles

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56
Q

Systemic pressure

A

Is highest in aorta
Declines throughout length of pathway
Is 0 mm Hg in right atrium

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57
Q

Q

A

cardiac output: volume of blood pumped by heart per min.

4-6 L/min @ rest

= HR x stroke volume

58
Q

Main factors influencing blood pressure (3)

A

cardiac output (Q)

Peripheral resistance (PR)

Blood volume

59
Q

Q x PR =

A

BP

cardiac output X peripheral resistance

60
Q

BP varies directly w/

A

Q
PR
Blood volume

61
Q

Normal BP

A

~120/80 mmHg

62
Q

High BP

A

> = 140/90 mmHg(hypertension)

63
Q

Low BP

A

<= 90/60 mmHg (hypotension)

64
Q

Factors That Increase Arterial Blood Pressure

A 
blood volume increases
heart rate increases
stroke volume increases
blood viscosity increases
PR increases
65
Q

Venous BP alone is too low to promote adequate blood return & is aided by

A

respiratory pump: pressure changes by ventilation

muscular pump: skeletal muscles move blood toward heart

1 way valves in peripheral veins prevent back flow against gravity

66
Q

Contraction of heart depends on electrical stimulation of…

A

myocardium

67
Q

Impulse is initiated in…

A

right atrium (deoxygenated blood side)

68
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

records electrical activity of heart

abnormalities may= coronary heart disease

ST segment depression may= myocardial ischemia

69
Q

P-wave

A

atrial depolarization

70
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

71
Q

T-wave

A

ventricular repolarization

72
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

volume of blood ejected per ventricular contraction

usually L ventricle

73
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system:
increase/decrease HR?
via?
affects SA node how?

A

decrease in HR
vagus nerve
inhibits SA node

74
Q

Sympathetic nervous system:
increase/decrease HR?
via?
affects SA node how?

A

increase in HR
cardiac accelerator nerves
stimulates SA node

75
Q

Hormones that increase heart rate

A

epinephrine & thyroxine

76
Q

Regulates SV

A

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

average aortic BP

ventricular contractility

77
Q

EDV

Frank-Starling Law

A

volume of blood in ventricles @ end of diastole

“preload”

Frank-Starling mechanism (law)
Greater preload results in stretch of ventricles & a concomitantly forceful contraction (because myocardium has elastic qualities)

78
Q

EDV affected by

A 
Venoconstriction (+)
Skeletal muscle pump (+)
Respiratory pump (+)
79
Q

Average aortic pressure

A

pressure the heart pumps against to eject blood

“afterload”

aortic pressure inversely related to SV

80
Q

Ventricular contractility

A

increased contractility=higher stroke volume

81
Q

Cardiac output=

A

cardiac rate x SV

82
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

-ions, proteins, hormones

83
Q

Cells

A

solid portion of blood

-RBC, WBC, platelets

84
Q

Hematocrit %

A

~ 40-45%

85
Q

2 major adjustments of blood flow

A

increased cardiac output

redistribution of blood flow (less blood to visceral organs and more to active muscles)

86
Q

Q (cardiac output) increases due to:

A

increased HR and SV (plateaus @ ~40% VO2 max)

87
Q

Circulatory responses to exercise

A

HR and BP depend on type, intensity, & duration of exercise, environmental conditions, & emotional state

88
Q

Rest -> exercise

A

rapid increase in HR, SV, & Q

89
Q

Incremental exercise

A 
HR & Q
    -increase linearly w/ increasing work rate
    -plateaus @ 100% VO2max
systolic BP
    -increases w/ increasing work rate
90
Q

At same oxygen uptake arm work results in higher:

A

HR: Due to higher sympathetic stimulation

BP: Due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass

91
Q

Prolonged exercise

A

Q maintained by: gradual decrease in SV & increase in HR

cardiovascular drift: bc dehydration & increased skin blood flow (rising core temp)

92
Q

Cardio control during exercise

A
  1. initial signal to “drive” comes from higher brain centers
  2. Fine tuned feedback:
    -In skeletal muscle
    -chemoreceptors: detect changes in blood
    chemistry
    -mechanoreceptors: detect joint actions

-baroreceptors: detect BP changes

93
Q

Muscular endurance

A

ability of muscle to sustain high intensity, repetitive, or static exercise repeated in 1-2 min bursts

muscular strength & anaerobic development

94
Q

Cardiorespiratory endurance

A

ability of whole body to sustain prolonged, steady-state exercise

cardiovascular & respiratory system (aerobic) development

95
Q

VO2 Max

A

highest rate of O2 consumption possible during max exercise

can be increased with endurance training

96
Q

Submax endurance capacity

A

determined by VO2 max & lactate threshold

*more difficult to evaluate

can be increased with endurance training

97
Q

Heart size w/ training

A

Left ventricle size & wall thickness increase

98
Q

Fick equation evaluates?

a-VO2 diff.

A

oxygen uptake by active muscle tissue

arteriovenous volume of oxygen: diff in O2 concentration in arteries and veins

99
Q

RHR

A

decreases with endurance training

100
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow HR

RHR: 30-40 bpm

101
Q

Tachycardia

A

fast HR

RHR: >= 90 bpm

102
Q

Submax HR during exercise

A

decreases with training

103
Q

Max HR during exercise

A

remains unchanged

104
Q

Gradience

A

moving from an area of high to low

can be anything (temp./concentration/etc.)

105
Q

Systemic Circulation Overview

A
  • blood leaves via arteries that become capillaries
  • O2 and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls and enter tissues
  • CO2 and waste is removed from tissues into the blood
  • O2 deficient blood goes to lungs where it releases CO2 and picks up O2 at alveolar sacks
  • O2 rich blood returns to the heart
106
Q

What happens if there is no gradience?

A

there is no driving force

107
Q

What is the blood made up of?

A

-plasma and formed elements

108
Q

what are the formed elements in the blood?

A
  • erythrocytes (RBC)
  • Leukocytes (WBC)
  • platelets
109
Q

What do RBC’s do?

A

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

110
Q

What are the two circuit systems?

A

pulmonary and systemic

111
Q

What is the flow of blood in the heart? IN DETAIL

A

enters through vena cava to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery to the capillaries to the lungs (where co2 and 02 exchange takes place and waste is removed), back to capillaries to the pulmonary vein, to the left atrium, to the left ventricle, through the aortic valve, to the aorta, and finally to the rest of the body

112
Q

Blood is the body’s only what?

A

fluid tissue

113
Q

Why would hematocrit be low?

A

because o2 supply is low and rbc’s carry o2 and rbc’s make up hematocrit

114
Q

plasma

A

cellular portion of the cell

115
Q

Percentages in the blood?

A

Plasma-55%
Erythrocytes-45%
Buffy coat(leukocytes and platelets)- <1%

116
Q

the process of separating blood through a _______

A

centrifuge

117
Q

Arterial Vessels

A

high pressure

thick, strong walls

elasticity in walls

118
Q

Venus Vessels

A

low pressure

no elasticity in walls

119
Q

Facts about the circulatory system

A
  • blood supply is not sufficient enough to have all vascular networks open at one time
  • blood is prioritized and sent to the areas where it is needed most (the brain is most frequent)
  • to reroute blood, arteries/arterioles, veins/venules, and capillaries are either open or selectively bypassed by shunts or anastomoses
120
Q

if sphincters are closed…..

A

shunts or anastomoses are open

121
Q

Superior and Inferior Vena Cave

A
  • low pressure systems

- one way valves

122
Q

Aneurism

A

weakness within the heart wall

123
Q

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscle

A

support valve inside the chamber

124
Q

interventricular septum

A

division between the left and right side of the heart

125
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

low pressure system that pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs (PA) and returns oxygenated blood to heart (PV)

126
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

high pressure system that carries oxygenated blood to entire body (aorta), and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart (veins or venus system)

127
Q

Coronary Vessels

A

Two pairs of blood vessels (the coronary arteries and coronary veins) that supply the muscles of the heart itself

128
Q

Myocardium

A

provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers

129
Q

epicardium

A

serves as a lubricative outer covering

130
Q

layers of the heart muscle (outer to inner)

A

pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

131
Q

during exercise, systole or diastole is longer?

A

systole is relatively longer

132
Q

in the absence of blood pressure?

A

someone will die

133
Q

BP in arteriole system?

A

force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by its contained blood

134
Q

BP in vascular system?

A

provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from high to low pressure areas (pressure gradient)

135
Q

BP is expressed?

A

millimeters of mercury per g (mm Hg)

136
Q

Artificially Induced Polycythemia

A

hematocrit levels are up
thick blood (high viscosity)
dehydration

137
Q

In terms of resistance, the longer the blood vessel….

A

the greater the resistance encountered

138
Q

orm of low blood pressure that happens when you stand up from sitting or lying down

A

orthostatic hypotension

139
Q

In reference to resistance, vessel internal diameter….

A
  • changes are frequent

- varies inversely(internally) with 4th power of vessel radius

140
Q

Vessel radius is normal what?

A

1/2 diameter

141
Q

carotid intima-media thickness

A

resistance in a major artery

Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

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