Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exercise Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genes that regulates protein synthesis within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Protective barrier between interior of cell and extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid portion of cell that contains organelles (mitochondria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Synthesis

A

Construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Synthesis of molecules (including tissues)

Building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Hydrolysis of molecules to release energy

Breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bioenergetics

A
  • catabolic process
  • hydrolysis of ATP to release energy for muscular activity
  • followed by hydrolysis of other substances (fats, carbs, proteins, and phosphocreatine) to release energy needed to resynthesize ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Require energy to be added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Coupled reactions

A

The liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrogen atoms

A

Contain one electron

A molecule that loses a hydrogen is oxidized because it lost one electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein molecules

Speed up or slow down chemical reaction

Interact with specific substances
-ase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glycolytic enzymes

A

In the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oxidative enzymes

A

In the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Factors that regulate enzyme activity

A

Temperature
pH
carbon dioxide concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Energy in biological systems is measured in?

A

Calories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is energy expressed in humans?

A

Kilocalories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Energy is transferred from food to our cells to be stored as…

A

ATP

potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Food sources are processed via

A

Catabolism (hydrolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ATP includes

A

1 adenine
1 ribose
3 linked phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is ATP resynthesized

A

Food sources
Carbs. Fats. Proteins.

non food sources
Phosphocreatine (PCr)
Not an essential nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Carbs

A

Found in blood and sarcoplasm after digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose converted to glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Carbs stored as

A

Glycogen in liver and muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen converted back to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ATP

A

High-energy compound

The only source of energy use for muscular activity for rest and exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Glycogen storage

A

Mainly in the skeletal muscles and also in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fats stored as

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Generally less accessible for catabolism because it first has to be reduced to glycerol and fatty acids

A

Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Provides substantial energy at rest and during prolonged low intensity activity

A

Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Bodily stores more fats or carbs

A

Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Free fatty acids

A

Used to synthesize ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

4.1 kcal of energy per gram of…?

A

Carbs and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

9.4 kcal of energy per gram of…?

A

Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Efficient

A

Amount of ATP produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Power

A

How fast ATP is produced

44
Q

How are carbs used

A

After ingestion it’s hydrolyzed to glucose then taken up by muscles and the liver

The excess is converted to glycogen (glycogenesis)

45
Q

Glycogen

A

Can be used as energy source for resynthesizing ATP

46
Q

Fat storage

A

Mainly:
Subcutaneous and visceral

But also found:
intramuscular

Not accessible: skeletal and neural

47
Q

Proteins or amino acids are/are not a major energy source during exercise?

A

Are not

48
Q

Produced nitrogenous byproducts

A

Proteins

49
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The generation of glucose by fats or proteins

50
Q

Limited as an energy source by its rate of energy release need for more oxygen

A

Fat

51
Q

How can amino acids be used as an energy source?

A

If it’s converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis)

and possibly fat

52
Q

Anaerobic pathways for resynthesizing ATP occur where

A

Occur in cytoplasm or sarcoplasm in muscle

53
Q

Aerobic pathways for resynthesizing ATP occur where

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

Anaerobic pathways do or do not involve oxygen

A

Do not

55
Q

Aerobic pathways do or do not require oxygen

A

Do

56
Q

Mechanisms for resynthesizing ATP

A

Phosphagen system
Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q 
Phosphagen system
How?
Where?
Aerobic/anaerobic?
Energy used for?
Speed?
A

Hydrolysis of phosphocreatine

Postpones energy depletion by quickly reforming ATP from ADP and a phosphate
-phosphate comes from phosphor eating hydrolysis or previous ATP hydrolysis

Only in cytoplasm/sarcoplasm

Anaerobic

Energy used to regenerate ATP

Immediate source of ATP (powerful)

58
Q

Aerobic catabolism steps

A

Aerobic glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain (aka oxidative phosphorylation)

59
Q

Enzyme that regulates the hydrolysis of phosphocreatine

Which system?

A

Creatine kinase

Phosphagen system

Controls rate of ATP production by negative feedback system

60
Q

Produces ATP for short bursts of energy

A

Phosphagen system

Local PCr stores deplete in 30 secs or less

61
Q

Glycolysis (anaerobic)

A

Supplies most of the energy needed for ATP resynthesis for intense activities lasting 30-120 seconds

62
Q

Byproduct of glycolysis

A

Pyruvic acid

Which is converted to lactic acid in anaerobic conditions

63
Q

Enzyme that converts Pyruvic acid to lactic acid in muscles

A

Muscle specific lactate dehydrogenase

64
Q

Glycolysis produces how much ATP

A

About 2 moles per 1 mole of glucose

And

About 3 moles per 1 mole of glycogen

65
Q

Which systems are the major ATP providers during the early minutes of high intensity exercise?

A

Phosphagen and glycolytic systems

Powerful but not efficient

66
Q

Oxidative system aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic catabolism

67
Q

Oxidative system produces ATP where?

A

Mitochondria of cells

68
Q

Which yields more ATP aerobic or anaerobic systems?

A

Aerobic

69
Q

Which is more powerful, aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

70
Q

Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

71
Q

Primary method for ATP production in endurance exercises?

A

Aerobic

72
Q

Glycolysis occurs where?

A

Cytoplasm/sarcoplasm

73
Q

Lipogenesis

A

The conversion of fat into glucose and then into free fatty acids

74
Q

Fat: efficiency & power?

A

Efficient but not powerful

75
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions

A
  • always coupled reactions

- O-R reactions in cells often involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms better than free electrons

76
Q

Oxidation

A

Removing electrons

77
Q

Reduction

A

Addition of an electron

78
Q

How is Pyruvic acid used in the Krebs cycle during carbohydrate oxidation?

A

Converted to acetyl CoA (in sarcoplasm)
Then
Transported to mitochondria by myoglobin (carrier molecule) which results in 2 ATP, CO2, and Hydrogen

The CO2 is removed, but the H combines with 2 coenzymes that take it to the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

79
Q

1 mole of glycogen can generate how many moles of ATP?

A

39

80
Q

Electron transport chain is a series of a

A

Oxidation reduction reactions that recombine hydrogen atoms to make ATP and water

81
Q

How many ATP are produced with 1 mole of glucose in the ETC?

A

32

82
Q

How many ATP are produced with 1 mole of glycogen in the ETC?

A

34

83
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown if triglycerides into glycerol and FFAs

84
Q

Fat oxidation

A

Requires more oxygen but generates more ATP than carb oxidation

85
Q

Oxidation of fats AKA

A

Beta oxidation

86
Q

Oxidation of fats steps

A

FFAs travel trough blood to muscle fibers are hydrolyzed into acetic acid and then acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle

And then goes the same as glucose oxidation

87
Q

How can amino acids be used to generate FFAs?

A

During starvation by gluconeogenesis and then Lipogenesis

88
Q

Can some proteins be converted to glucose?

A

Yes through gluconeogenesis

89
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

Measures the body’s heat production to find energy expenditure

90
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Uses respiratory exchange ratio to find energy expenditure

91
Q

Overall efficiency of aerobic catabolism at rest?

How much is released as heat?

A

34%

Heat. 66%

92
Q

Factors affecting BMR

A 
Stress
More muscle mass
Body surface area
Increases with increase body core temp
Higher epinephrine and thyroxin 
BMR decreases with age
93
Q

Factors responsible for EPOC

A

Rebuilding reduced ATP

Clearing lactic acid

Replenishing oxygen supplies

Removing CO2

Increased breathing and catabolic rates (bc increased body temp)

94
Q

Lactate threshold

A

Point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate

95
Q

How is lactate threshold expressed as a percentage of VO2 max used

A

As a gauge of fitness in endurance events

96
Q

Unfit persons LT

A

40-50% of the VO2 max

97
Q

Fit persons LT

A

70-90% of their VO2 max

98
Q

Types of fatigue

A

PCr depletion (30 secs)

Glycogen depletion (45 mins in localized muscles)

Accumulation of lactate and Hydrogen (less than 30 mins)

Neuromuscular fatigue

99
Q

Exercising gets harder the longer you do it bc…

A

Glycogen depletion

100
Q

At what pH does glycolysis stop and exhaustion set it

A

6.4

Bc lactate and hydrogen ions build up

101
Q

Factors that determine endurance performance success

A

High:

VO2 max
Lactate threshold
Mechanical efficiency
High % of slow twitch muscle fibers (hereditary)

Low body fat and body mass

Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions