Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Is mental health a central 8 risk factor?
A
no
2
Q
Offender “thinking errors”
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A
- Violence is an acceptable way to react to threats
- Crime is an acceptable way to make money
- Crime is okay
- Crime is acceptable
- Victim centered approach: victim of circumstances, victim of inequity
- View past experiences-–like trauma—as being their fault
3
Q
These thinking errors (e.g., blaming self for trauma) can also affect their ______ ______, which leads to crime
A
mental health
4
Q
Cognitive Behavior Interventions (CBIs) characteristics
1)
2)
3)
4)
A
- They believe that past behavior can explain current behavior, but we should not dwell on it.
- Identify why someone offends and work on fixing that
- Action oriented. Instead of telling someone to change their behavior, they show them how.
- Positive reinforcement, positive modeling
5
Q
CBI’s two (2) different strategies for meeting goals of rehab:
1) Implementing Cognitive _________
2) Teaching Cognitive _________
A
- Cognitive restructuring:
identify negative thought/emotion, challenge those thoughts, and replace them - Cognitive skills:
teach skills that can help them cope when confronted with a problem, respond to peer pressure, resist arguments, and improve
communication skills
6
Q
Thinking for a Change was developed specifically for offending population,
True or False?
A
true
7
Q
T4C is in a G____ setting
C___t style
8-12 P______
Very str______d
A
Group setting
Cohort style
8-12 people
very structured
8
Q
CBIs (also, T4C) have three (3) common categories in teachings and topics.
1) S____ Sk______
2) C______ S__-C______
3) P______ S_____
A
1) social skills
2) cognitive self-change
3) problem solving
9
Q
T4C rules for members to follow
1)
2)
3)
4)
A
(1) everything everyone says should remain confidential and not be spoken about to others outside the session,
(2) respect what other people say and share,
(3) take turns speaking and sharing, and
(4) no physical or verbal aggression
10
Q
Benefits of CBT (CBT is what T4C is)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A
1) Can be used in any setting: schools, prisons, communities
2) Highly structured with specific, named goals
3) Staff must be trained to administer
4) Very effective at reducing recidivism: can reduce it anywhere from 25-50%
5) Most effect when given by well-trained staff , given more than 2 days a week, and for high-risk offenders
11
Q
M____-S______ therapy is the most effective (MST)
A
Multi-systemic therapy (MST)
12
Q
Family based therapy’s focus on including the family in therapy to either
1)
and / or
2)
A
(1) give family the services they need to ”fix” the whole family,
(2) help them support the offender
13
Q
family based therapy is Usually used for ______ offenders because they are more reliant on family
A
juvenile/young
14
Q
Family therapy’s to help family be ________ toward the offender and to help the overall family ________
A
supportive
dynamics
15
Q
Two types of family-related risk factors:
1) Str________
and
2) Re________
A
structural & relational
16
Q
Females report more “adverse childhood experiences” (ACE) than males do among offending populations
A
true
17
Q
Examples of “structural” family problems:
A
parent in prison
getting evicted
moving homes
physical abuse
neglect
etc
18
Q
Examples of “relational” family problems:
A
Lack of emotional attachment between family members
Family does not provide emotional or tangible support to offender
parental incarceration WHICH THEN weakens relationships
19
Q
Relational is the _____ between people
A
bond
20
Q
functional family therapy (FFT) is to help the __________ issues between two people
A
relational
21
Q
FFT is Designed to help reduce offending by
(1)
and
(2)
A
(1) helping family relational issues
(2)
getting the family to be a source of support
22
Q
FFT is Typically used for ________ offenders, but can be used for anyone
A
younger
23
Q
FFT Typically used for people serving c________ s_________.
Not for people in facilities
A
community sentences
24
Q
“offenders are enmeshed in broader social networks and to best treat someone, we have to consider their full network”
This is the “basic idea” of what?
A
FFT
25
FFT is typically ____term, (_-_ months)
short term
3-5 months
26
What are the three "phases" of FFT? no characteristics
1)
2)
3)
Early phase
Middle phase:
Late phase:
27
focuses on behavioral change. Determine what family/offender need, identifying appropriate treatment, monitor progress
Which phase of FFT is this?
1) Early phase
2) Middle phase:
3) Late phase:
2) middle phase
28
focuses on engagement and motivation. Increase family members’
willingness to change, reduce negativity in family, increase bonds
Which phase of FFT is this?
1) Early phase
2) Middle phase:
3) Late phase:
1) Early phase
29
continue monitoring and help ensure behavioral change is sustained
Which phase of FFT is this?
1) Early phase
2) Middle phase:
3) Late phase:
3) Late phase:
30
Effectiveness of FFT:
Across studies, FFT ______ recidivism
by between __-___%
Also been found to reduce j________
substance abuse
reduces; 20-60%
Juvenile
31
Is FFT cost effective?
Absolutely!
32
Recognizes that individuals are part of multiple social systems/organizations
which family-based therapy shows this?
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
33
MST views youth (or offender) as embedded within multiple interconnected systems.
What are those for a child, starting from closest to farthest:
1st: child
2nd: F
3rd: P
4th:
5th:
6th:
1st: child
2nd: family
3rd: peers
4th: school
5th: neighborhood
6th: community/culture
34
MST differs from FFT in that it tries to include more than just the _____. Although, _____ involvement is the first and largest part
family; family
35
If individuals are part of many relational/social systems that means: (1) there are things that can go w______ in any of those systems that could be addressed,
and
(2) that there are multiple different L_____ that can support that person
wrong;
layers
36
case manager available 24/7 for MST
t or f
t
37
MST interventions offered to parents:
target parenting and discipline techniques
38
MST Interventions offered to youth:
teach youth how to remove themselves from
deviant peer groups,
help them develop prosocial relationships,
help them do better in school
39
How does MST work?
* duration
* structured/unstructred?
* elements
* participants
* usually offered for about 4 months
* Highly structured
- Family receives homework
- Community service requirements
- Carefully planned family outings/bonding time
* Neighbors, community members, organizations all asked to participate, monitor family/offender behavior, and hold them accountable
40
MST uses "G_____ intervention"
* Lots of structure at the beginning and monitoring from case manager
* Monitoring/structure gradually weans
* Idea: slowly make family more self-reliant
graduated intervention
41
MST is VERY __________
effective or un-effective?
effective
42
MST reduces recidivism well into a______hood
adulthood
43
Misd. offending was _x lower for MST groups
5x
44
is MST effective?
Some family-based programming has been found to have a _x return on investment
YES
9x return
45
Educational deficits is a central 8 risk factor
t or f
true
46
incarcerated population are much ____ likely than the general population to achieve
even a high school diploma
less
47
________ and b_______ inmates have a lower educational attainment than white inmates
Hispanic and black
48
formerly incarcerated people of ______ face the greatest educational disadvantages
color
49
Doctoral degree have high weekly earnings, and yet their unemployment rates are ____
LOW, 1.0%
50
less than high school diploma has low weekly earnings, yet their unemployment rate is _____
HIGH, 5.5%
51
Problem: there are _____ low skilled
jobs. Education is nec____ry
fewer; necessary
52
typically, states will offer the ____ of _____ Basic Ed______ (TABE) test
Test of Adult basic Education (TABE)
53
This test will can tell facilities just how much educational deficits an individual person has, what grade level they are on for reading and math, etc. This can allow facilities to place an inmate in the appropriate courses.
what test is this?
Test of Adult basic Education (TABE)
54
The federal government mandates that education be available to anyone under the age of 18
t or f?
true!
55
Most facilities will offer some form of education to inmates
T or F?
True!
56
Does every inmate receive education?
NO!
57
There are four major types of educational programs within prison we should talk about:
1. L p
2. A b e
3. A s e
4. Post-s e
1. literacy programs
2. adult basic education
3. adult secondary education
4. post-secondary education.
58
________ programs are the most basic type of education programs.
Designed for those with the most educational deficits.
They teach reading and writing skills to get inmates up to a 4th grade reading level.
60-80% of incarcerated people are functionally ________ and ¼ has a learning disability.
Many prisoners find that they lack basic _______ skills like reading, writing, and comprehension when they enter the facility, so these classes are necessary.
which educational program is this?
1. literacy programs
2. adult basic education
3. adult secondary education
4. post-secondary education.
1. literacy programs
59
This includes tutoring and instruction for the GED test or other HS equivalency
Federal prisons require inmates to be educated up to a high school level.
Some states also require it (10 states). Other states simply require that inmates are able to read at a certain grade level.
which educational program is this?
1. literacy programs
2. adult basic education
3. adult secondary education
4. post-secondary education.
3. adult secondary education
60
Teach same basic skills learned in literacy programs, including math, reading, writing, and English, but to a higher-grade level.
ABE classes typically focus on teaching skills from a 5th up to an 8th or 9th grade education
Example, in Florida, ABE classes are given to inmates until they reach a 9th grade reading level. In fact, in Florida, inmates are required to take 150 hours of ABE
classes if they score under 9th grade level.
which educational program is this?
1. literacy programs
2. adult basic education
3. adult secondary education
4. post-secondary education.
2. adult basic education
61
Higher Education Act (1965) allowed inmates to apply for student loans
By the late 1960s, 75% of prison systems offered college courses.
* Usually, they were run by a college professor who volunteered their time to teach within a prison.
Violent Crime Control and LE Act (1994) eliminated prisoners’ ability to get Pell grants or
loans prison college courses being abandoned
* Have since been revitalized
which educational program is this?
1. literacy programs
2. adult basic education
3. adult secondary education
4. post-secondary education.
4. post-secondary education.
62
How college is paid for:
1)
2)
3)
How college is paid for:
* Out of pocket
* Scholarships
* Pell grants (re-instated for inmates in Second Chance Pell Act in 2015)
63
Rates of mental health problems are higher in prisons than jails.
false
64
All of the following are antisocial thinking errors EXCEPT:
a. Violence is an acceptable way to respond to threats
b. Crime is an acceptable way to make money
c. It is okay to physically harm someone if they have wronged me
d. I can't offend because I don't want to go to jail and leave my family
e. All of the above are antisocial thinking errors
d. I can't offend because I don't want to go to jail and leave my family
65
What are the two reasons why we need vocational training:
1)
2)
1. People in the justice system often have quite spotty work records to begin with.
2. Stigma of justice system involvement/incarceration can make it harder to get a
job
66
Unemployment rates are also higher than the general population: They are approximately _x as high for incarcerated people
6x
67
Some studies estimate that incarcerated persons make __% less than their peers
before they were locked up
41%
68
Generally, when vocational training is implemented, they are offered within a prison setting, they take place in two phases:
first:
second:
* First: classroom instruction, where participants learn all about whatever field they will be training in (i.e., automotive repair)
* Second: hands on component
69
Only __% of facilities offer vocational training
52
70
List the 4 major prison industry critiques:
1)
2)
3)
4)
1) companies/prisons make 3.2 billion in revenue from prison industry
2) inmates receive no benefits for their work and get paid very little
3) salary: $0.74 to $4 a day
4) harms small businesses and/or inmates might not receive training they can actually use in the real world
71
Section __ U.S.C. 3306(c)(21) of the US tax code specifies that any service performed in a penal institution is ___ considered employment.
26;
NOT
72
Different levels of substance abuse (DSM-5-TR):
1)
2)
3)
* Mild: Two or three symptoms indicate a mild substance use disorder
* Moderate: Four or five symptoms
indicate a moderate substance use
disorder
* Severe: Six or more symptoms indicate a severe substance use disorder
73
"Six or more symptoms indicate a
_______ substance use disorder"
severe
74
Two or three symptoms indicate a
____ substance use disorder
mild
75
Four or five symptoms
indicate a _________ substance use
disorder
moderate
76
______ (__%) of all people have substance abuse
half; 50%
77
underlying problem: past drug use and substance use disorders are extremely ________ among people in state prisons
common
78
treatment NEED to target the _____ of substance abuse
cause
79
AA meetings (alchohol anonymous) is ____ evidence based
NOT
80
What are the major types of substance abuse programs:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Cognitive behavioral interventions
* Relapse prevention
* Contingency management
* Medically assisted treatment
* Drug courts
81
Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Substance Abuse (CBI-SA)
what is this?
CBI treatment for Drug abuse
82
Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Substance Abuse (CBI-SA) was devloped for this with _______ to ______ substance abuse problems (people who have 4+ substance abuse symptoms)
moderate to high
83
Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Substance Abuse (CBI-SA) elements:
1) duration
2) setting
3) what is it focused on? Answer: ____ building and cognitive _________
Treatment lasts 4 to 6 months
Delivered in group setting
Similar to traditional CBI—focused on skill building and cognitive restructuring
84
Designed to teach someone how to avoid triggers and not relapse once they are outside ofcorrectional control
Stand alone program or combined with other interventions for substance abusers
These types of interventions use CBI techniques of skill building: teach someone to recognize
triggers or cues that might lead to relapse and avoid relapse in those instances
Rare that they are standalone—typically these skills are offered within a CBI program that can target other risk factors too
* Stand alone programs still found to reduce recidivism by up to 12%
What are these programs called?
Relapse preventions
85
Similar to a reward/costs system whereby someone earns points when they are compliant with treatment, pass drug
tests, etc., and lose points if they do not.
________ ________ operates under 9 basic principles. Check these out to give yourself a better understanding
of how this program works:
1. Provide positive incentives to clients via a points system.
2. Establish clear guidelines about the required behaviors and which behaviors earn points.
3. Emphasize abstinence as a key objective.
4. Provide adequate incentives early in the program.
5. Use points escalation to promote and sustain good performance.
6. Integrate points system into the normal operation of the program.
7. Use bonuses to reinforce incentives for positive behavior.
8. Require no more than three behaviors at a time.
9. Choose the areas where the client is “falling down” and shift to a positive by rewarding efforts to improve.
What is this called?
contingency management
86
contingency management is a social _________ learning program
social
87
contengency management (positive re-enforcement) reduces recidivism by ___%
40
88
m_______ assisted treatment MUST be in conjunction with other treatments
medically
89
Alternative to incarceration: plead guilty in traditional criminal court, get sent to _____ court to serve “sentence”
drug
90
what is the sentence in drug court?
treatment
91
what are the characteristics of drug court:
1)
2)
3)
4)
1. Less adversarial and more cooperative
2. Frequent check ins with judge and any case managers
3. Rewards for compliance (fewer restrictions) and consequences for non- compliance (longer time in drug court, more restrictions, more frequent drug tests, more intense treatment)
4) Overall, drug courts are more informal—the offender interacts directly with the judge
92
participating in drug court can reduce recidivism by 8-13%
t or f?
True
93
__% of drug courts work in some way
88
94
only _ in 10 of prisoners receive treatment for drug abuse even though over half of them have Drug abuse
1 in 10
95
most common MH issue is
depression
96
____ have more MH than state prisons
jails
97
woman have ____ MH issues than men
more
98
women tend to ________ trauma
internalize
99
MH issues are ____ a central 8 risk factor
NOT
100
3 requirements for MH treatment in facilities:
1)
2)
3)
1) been daignosed
2) can be alliviated
3) need for immediate treatment
101
Newman v. Alabama
constitutional guarantee to mental health treatmen
102
Bowring v. Godwin (1977)
ruled that prison inmates are entitled to psychological or psychiatric treatment if a physician or other healthcare provider determines that the person has a mental health disorder, that the disorder can be alleviated, and there is a need for immediate treatment in the facility
103
over ____ of people in state prisons report MH issues, but only _ in 4 receive professional help
half; 1 in 4
104
less than 50% of those in local ____ receive services
jails
105
risk factors among sex offenders:
deviant sexual arousal, interests, and preferences
sexual preoccupation
anger and hostility
emotional management difficulties
impulsivity
cognitive distortions that support sexually abusive
behaviors
intimacy deficits and conflicts in intimate relationships
(e.g., lack of emotionally intimate relationships with adults)
hostility towards women
callousness
dysfunctional coping
106
expose the subject to something they find arousing and
simultaneously give them an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., a light shock
this is called: aversion therapy
107
subject is asked to imagine something that arouses them and
they are then given an unpleasant stimulus
this is called:
covert sensitization
108
7-25% of inmates will receive _______ training
vocational
