exam #1 Flashcards
What is the definition of crime?
1) any behavior that violates a codified law
and;
2) is socially constructed
social construction includes _____ we handle violations of the law and ____
how; why
Earliest goal of sentencing:
retribution, eye-for-an-eye
What are the six (6) goals of punishment?
1) retribution
2) punishment
3) deterrence
4) incapacitation
5) restoration
6) rehab
specific deterrence
deterrring that specific offender
general deterrence
deterring the entire society
Age of enlightenment: (1770s)
What stage is this one on our timeline and what happened in this stage?
1st stage!
Correctional policy was mostly punitive during up to this point
* Lots of physical punishment (e.g., branding, beheading, hanging) regardless of
the type of crime you committed
During this point, we started viewing such punishments as “barbaric”
Instead, we felt that punishment should fit the crime
we started to have:
1) work houses
2) move away from barbaric exile
3) viewed labor as rehab
Penitentiary Era (1800’s)
Which stage of the process is this?
What happened in this stage?
2nd stages!
prisons created:
We have to remember that the idea of fixing crime was then is not the same as it
is today
Rehabilitation back then was not focused on treating the causes of crime
Instead, society believed we could rehabilitate someone if: (1) have them engage
in hard labor and (2) we give them enough time to sit and think and repent on
what they have done wrong
And the facilities they built reflected that
Penn system—mostly solitary
Auburn (or new york) system—mostly hard work
Rehab through silence, prayer, etc.
Reformatory era (1870s - 1890s)
3rd in the stage
Took the NPA’s guidelines to heart and prisons started to:
* Use indeterminate sentences to encourage rehabilitation
* Focus on education/treatment
Indeterminate sentences
Released after achieved rehab, but had no risk assessment tools
Elmira Reformatory (1876)
4th in the stage!
This prison applied the NPA guidelines to prisons
developed the first point system in prisom
Progressive era (1890 - 1920)
5th stage
Started to wonder WHY people offend
Used risk assessment tools
Most popular explanation at the time: people offend because there is something
wrong with them (psychological) or their environment (social)
Policy: if there is something wrong with the persons environment, if we change the
environment, we change the person
indeterminate sentences arose
Treatment Era (1930 - 1960)
which stage? what happened in this one?
6th stage
The Medical Model arose
Crime was looked at like a disease: to cure it, we have to figure out what caused it and treat the cause
This approach is very similar to how we approach rehabilitation today and it took a very individual approach to treating crime.
still, rehab and progressive
Crime control period (1970 - 1990)
which stage? What happened?
7th stage
The Crime Control period (1970-1990) saw us moving away from rehabilitation
There are several things that led to this:
- Crime increased during the 1960s & 1970s
- Robert Martinson’s (1974) Nothing Works report
- Prisoner’s rights movement—centered on how we punished not being “fair”
Led to tougher punishments
* Determinate sentences (to make sentences fair)
* Three-strikes laws
* More crimes became eligible for prison
* Truth in sentencing laws
Bipartisan support for these types of policies
Andrews, Bonta, and Gendreau
Found that programs are most effective if they focus on behavioral change, take
into account individual differences, and focus on factors that can be changed
They developed principles of effective interventions (we will talk more about this
later)
- Treatment should target those who are high risk for future criminal behavior
- Treatment should focus on the criminogenic needs of the person
- Treatment should be cognitive behavioral in nature
- We should be responsive to the individual needs of people
2000s stage
During the early 2000s the pendulum began to swing back towards rehabilitation
This happened for several reasons:
- Crime was declining
- Economy was down and we needed cost effective ways to handle offenders
(prison ≠ cheap)
what era are we in today?
evidence based era:
Greater focus than ever on “what works”
More and more research focused on “what works”
- Program evaluations, evidence-based programs
Evidence-based approach
What are the seven (7) theories of rehab?
1) saving souls
2) utilitarianism
3) address offenders needs
4) rehab is a right
5) rehab teaches
6) communitarianism
7) rational choice theory
earliest form of theory in rehab
saving souls
most people like rehab but we do not think we are doing a good job at it
true or false?
true
three counterpoints to rehab:
1) just deserts
2) inequity
3) offenders have to want to change
fidelity / /integrity refers to whether . .
Fidelity/integrity: refers to whether treatment services are delivered consistent with
the program theory and design
* The program operates the way it is meant to
what are the 5 measures of fidelity?
1) adherence
2) exposure
3) delivery quality
4) participant engagement
5) program differentiation
What are the central 8 risk factors?
1) history __ _______ _________
2) antisocial _________ _______
3) antisocial ________
4) antisocial __________
5) family and / or marital _______
6) poor _____ / _______ _______
7) few _______ or _________ ______
8) sub_____ ab___e
1) history of antisocial behavior
2) antisocial personality pattern
3) antisocial cognition
4) antisocial attitudes
5) family and / or marital discord
6) poor school and / or work performance
7) few leisure or recreation activities
8) substance abuse
t_________ m______ refers to the method used to treat an offender
Research finds that certain types of treatments are most effective:
- Ones that focus on behavioral interventions
- Ones that focus on teaching offenders skills
- Ones that are multimodal
treatment modality
