Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

drugs and behavior > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are stimulants

A

substances that increase activity of sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

most common stimulants (6)

A

cocaine, crack, amphetamine, methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cocaine prevalence in U.S.

A

one of world’s largest consumers of cocaine

black people are less likely than white to use powder and equally likely to use crack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

coca leaves

A

cocaine, oral administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

powder cocaine

A

snorted, crosses BBB more easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cocaine source

A

shrub native to Andes mountains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

crack cocaine

A

smoked for quick and intense high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cocaine route of administration affects ____

A

amount of cocaine absorbed into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cocaine speed of entry into brain (fastest to slowest route of administration)

A

smoked, injected, snorted, orally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cocaine metabolism system

A

cytochrome P450 system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cocaine mechanism of action

A

blocks pain pathways
blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (these increase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

schedule of cocaine

A

II, approved for local anesthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

adverse effects of cocaine

A

irritability, hostility, fear, restlessness, paranoia, heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

acute effects of cocaine

A

euphoria and increased energy
increased confidence
sweating/chills
increased heart rate
decreased appetite and need for sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chronic use of cocaine

A

tolerance or reverse tolerance, short-lived withdrawal, irritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cocaine dependence

A

weak physical dependence but strong psychological dependence, no FDA approved treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amphetamine

A

more popular than cocaine, more potent effects, stimulates CNS by increasing same neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

brand names of amphetamine

A

adderall, ritalin, concerta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

methamphetamine

A

more lipid soluble form of amphetamine, enters brain faster, more addictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

amphetamine route of administration

A

oral, injection, intranasal, smoked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

amphetamine effect duration

A

12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

methamphetamine effect duration

A

8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

amphetamine mechanism of action

A

increased postsynaptic levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin to larger degree than cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

small doses effects of amphetamine

A

increase energy and alertness, reduced appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

high doses effects of amphetamine

A

rush, intoxication, psychosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

meth specific effects

A

disinhibition, hypersexuality (but can decrease function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

difference between effects of cocaine and amphetamine

A

amphetamine has slower onset and longer duration but closely resemble one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

chronic use of stimulants

A

loss of neural tissue in prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

other stimulants

A

cathinone (khat) and bath salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

brain structures involved in effects of cocaine

A

increased dopamine in basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, nucleus acumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how have drugs laws for cocaine and crack contributed to racial disparities?

A

disproportionate incarceration rates and higher penalties for crack possession which was more common among blacks than powder cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

hallucinogen

A

drugs that distort perceptions of reality at relatively low doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

hallucinogen schedule

A

I

but most are physiologically safe and non-addictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

hallucination

A

experience involving perception of something that may not actually be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

illusion

A

altered and distorted perceptions, thoughts, feelings, awareness, insights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

hallucinogen plants

A

peyote, salvia, atropa belladonna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

fungi hallucinogen

A

psilocybin and amanita mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

synthetic hallucinogen

A

LSD, MDMA, PCP, ketamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

psychedelics

A

alter perceptions while still allowing person to communicate with the present world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

indoleamines

A

similar to serotonin

LSD, psilocybin, DMT, morning glory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

phenylethylamines

A

similar to dopamine and norepinephrine

peyote, MDMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

deliriants

A

block acetylcholine

atropa belladonna, henbane, mandrake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

dissociatives

A

cause amnesia, sense of detachment from environment

salvia, PCP, ketamine, amanita mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

most psychoactive hallucinogen

A

LSD, 25 micrograms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

orally administered hallucinogens

A

psilocybin, LSD, MDMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

route of administration of PCP and ketamine

A

ingested, snorted, smoked, injected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

DMT duration

A

30 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

ketamine duration

A

1 hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

peyote duration

A

5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

PCP and psilocybin duration

A

6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

MDMA duration

A

7 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

LSD duration

A

11 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

psychedelic hallucinogens affect ___

A

serotonin, brain areas related to sensory processing, emotions, and higher executive processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

MDMA effects

A

increased serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

deliriants effects

A

prevent binding of acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

acute effects of hallucinogens

A

hallucinations, altered perceptions of time and reality, euphoria, increased heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

3 stages of LSD and psilocybin

A

sympathetic nervous system is activated – alterations in perceptions and sensations – self-perception change leading to distortions of reality and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

MDMA acute effects

A

sense of empathy and closeness to others, inner peace

more prone to toxic effects on heart, serotonin syndrome, hyperthermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

deliriants acute effects

A

hallucinations over illusions
affects temp, vision, hydration, bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

PCP and ketamine acute effects

A

depend on dose and environment, high doses can be toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

schedule I hallucinogens

A

psilocybin, LSD, mescaline, MDMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

medical uses of schedule I hallucinogens

A

depression, PTSD, drug and alcohol dependence, psychological trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

tolerance of hallucinogens

A

develops quickly and dissipates quickly

64
Q

tolerance of MDMA

A

depression and cognitive deficits

65
Q

chronic use of PCP and ketamine

A

memory loss, speech problems, delusional thinking

66
Q

addictive hallucinogens

A

PCP, ketamine, MDMA (slight potential)

67
Q

nonaddictive hallucinogens

A

psilocybin, LSD, mescaline

68
Q

opiates

A

occur naturally in opium poppy

69
Q

example opiates

A

opium, morphine, codeine

70
Q

opioids

A

natural/synthetic/semi-synthetic/endogenous substances that bind to opioid receptor

71
Q

recent changes in opioid use

A

increase due to overprescription and nonmedical usage, as guidelines became stricter, people turned to heroin

72
Q

most common methods of obtaining painkillers for nonmedical purposes

A
  1. given to by friend or relative
    and being prescribed by more than one doctor
73
Q

naturally occurring opioids

A

coming from opium poppy
morphine, codeine, thebaine

74
Q

semi-synthetic opioids

A

chemically modified natural opiates

heroin, Vicodin, oxycontin, Percocet

75
Q

synthetic opioids

A

methadone, fentanyl

76
Q

opioids route of administration

A

ingested, rectally, sublingually, transdermally, snorted, smoked, injected

77
Q

mechanism of action opioids

A

opioid receptors and endogenous opioids

78
Q

acute effects of opioids

A

diminish pain, suppress respiration, increase sleep, euphoria, impaired cognitive function

79
Q

opioid triad

A

three key signs of opioid overdose
coma, depressed respiration, pinpoint pupils

80
Q

medical uses of opioids

A

cough suppressant, alleviate diarrhea

81
Q

opioid tolerance

A

metabolic, cellular, behavioral (increased tolerance if its in a location that has repeatedly been used prior), cross-tolerance to other opioids

82
Q

withdrawal of opioids

A

symptoms are opposite of direct effects of drugs

pain, irritability, insomnia, diarrhea, dilated pupils

83
Q

organ impact from opioids

A

organs are not damaged from long term use but addict lifestyle is most dangerous effect

84
Q

opioid dependence

A

addiction due to physical, environmental, and psychosocial factors

85
Q

substitution opioids

A

methadone and buprenorphine

harm reduction to allow addicts to function normally and lessen craves and withdrawals

86
Q

other opioid treatment methods

A

needle exchange, detoxification under anesthesia

87
Q

medications to aid opioid dependence

A

naltrexone, clonidine

88
Q

most potent opioids

A

fentanyl, heroin, oxycodone

89
Q

least potent opioids

A

morphine (baseline), codeine

90
Q

sedatives

A

relieve anxiety, cause relaxation, mild CNS depressants

91
Q

hypnotics

A

cause drowsiness and sleep

92
Q

BZD prevalence

A

more popular than barbiturates, females to males = 2 to 1 ratio

93
Q

barbiturates and BZDs more likely to be abused

A

short acting, lipid soluble

94
Q

short acting sedatives used for

A

preanesthetic sedatives or for insomnia

95
Q

longer acting sedatives used for

A

anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, anxiolytics

96
Q

anxiolytic

A

kind of medication that eases anxiety

97
Q

sedative routes of administration

A

oral, rectal, injection

98
Q

BZD absorption

A

less lipid soluble than barbiturates, absorbed more slowly, slower onset of action

99
Q

BZD trade names

A

xanax, valium, klonopin, Ativan

100
Q

metabolism of sedatives

A

liver with cyp450 system

101
Q

sedative metabolism decreased in ____

A

infants, pregnant women, liver disease, elderly

102
Q

BZD mechanism of action

A

binds to GABA A receptor in limbic system, reticular activating system, cortex, (not respiration)

103
Q

barbiturate mechanism of action

A

more general effect on GABA than BZD

104
Q

acute effects of sedatives

A

reduce muscle tone, impair coordination, reduce anxiety, learning, memory, cause bizarre uninhibited behavior

105
Q

effect of sedatives on sleep

A

total sleep time is increased by REM sleep and restorative deep sleep are reduced

106
Q

effects of sedatives on fetus

A

cleft palate, floppy infant syndrome

107
Q

sedative drug interactions

A

other drugs metabolized by cyp450 system

108
Q

safety of barbiturates

A

low TI, risk of overdose increased when used with other opioids or depressants

109
Q

Therapeutic use of barbiturates and BZDs

A

insomnia, anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal, anesthesia

110
Q

why have BZDs largely replaced barbiturates?

A

more specific effects
fewer side effects
wider margin of safety
lower potential for abuse/tolerance
less effect on REM sleep, longer lasting effects have less potential for abuse

111
Q

z drugs

A

ambien, Lunesta, sonata

produce sleep rhythm more like natural sleep

increased risk of car accidents, sleep walking/eating/sex/driving

112
Q

chronic use of sedatives

A

daytime fatigue, accidents, mortality

113
Q

sedative tolerance

A

develops for sedative/hypnotic effects but not for anticonvulsant effects

more common in barbiturates (cellular and metabolic) than BZDs

114
Q

sedative addiction

A

barbiturates > BZDs

115
Q

sedative withdrawal

A

should be medically supervised

insomnia, confusion, difficulty concentrating

116
Q

inhalants

A

substances that have effects similar to sedatives/hypnotics

117
Q

prevalence of inhalants

A

younger adolescents

118
Q

volatile inhalants

A

glues, aerosols, cleaning agents, fuels

119
Q

anesthetic inhalants

A

ether, nitrous oxide

120
Q

nitrite inhalants

A

amyl/butyl nitrite

121
Q

acute effects of inhalants

A

similar to alcohol intoxication, huffing, sudden sniffing death syndrome, incoordination and recklessness

122
Q

chronic use of inhalants

A

nose bleeds, depression, hostility, cancer, damage to organs, cognitive impairments

123
Q

cannabis prevalence

A

most commonly used illicit drug in the US (18% in past year)

inverse relationship between use and perceived dangers

124
Q

cannabis sativa

A

tall and slender with lighter green leaves

125
Q

cannabis indica

A

shorter and bushier and darker leaves

126
Q

almost all strains of cannabis today are ____

127
Q

female and male cannabis plants

A

flower clusters with psychoactive resin that catches pollen from male seeds, separating male and female will increase psychoactivity of the plants

128
Q

phytocannabinoids

A

THC, CBD
bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body

129
Q

THC

A

psychoactive

130
Q

CBD

A

anti oxidant/convulsant/inflammatory/anxiety

131
Q

hemp

A

trace amounts of THC, not psychoactive

132
Q

cannabis routes of administration

A

smoked, vaporizers, ingested (slower onset and less predictability of action)

133
Q

cannabis absorption

A

THC is very fat soluble, easily crosses BBB

134
Q

cannabinoid receptors

A

CB1 and CB2
THC partial agonist, CBD negative allosteric modulator which blocks some of THC’s effects

135
Q

cannabinoids bind to other receptors in the body such as _________

A

GABA, serotonin, glutamate

136
Q

mechanism of action of cannabis

A

endocannabinoid system

137
Q

endocannabinoid system

A

widespread system that controls physiological effects and helps maintain homeostasis

138
Q

neurotransmitters of endocannabinoid system

A

anandamide, 2-AG

139
Q

function of enzymes of endocannabinoid system

A

synthesize and break down cannabinoids, endocannabinoids synthesized on demand, not stored

140
Q

receptors of endocannabinoid system

A

CB1 and CB2

141
Q

location of receptors of endocannabinoid system

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, eye, pancreas, testes, uterus

142
Q

acute effects of cannabis depend on ____

A

dose, ration of THC to CBD, previous experience and expectations, environment

143
Q

biphasic dose response curve

A

for cannabis, optimal dose receives highest benefits and low/high doses receive low benefits (looks like normal curve)

144
Q

acute effects of cannabis

A

euphoria, laughter, impaired memory, impaired coordination, enhanced sensory perception, drawn out sense of time, hunger/thirst, increase heart rate

145
Q

TI of cannabis

A

very high, over 1000

146
Q

negative effects of cannabis

A

impaired fertilization from high doses, drug interactions, collateral damage from use

147
Q

medical uses of cannabis

A

chronic pain, nausea/vomiting, increase hunger, MS symptoms, reduce use of addictive substances, other disorders/conditions

148
Q

tolerance of cannabis

A

regular use causes tolerance

149
Q

addiction of cannabis

A

less addictive than other drugs, treatment involves psychological approaches, less than 50% stay abstinent

150
Q

cannabis withdrawal

A

symptoms are not severe if they occur

151
Q

primary function of liver in drug use

A

metabolism

152
Q

primary function of kidneys in drug use

A

elimination

153
Q

reward pathway in the brain

A

network of structures involved in pleasure, motivation, and reinforcement

154
Q

two main structures of reward pathway

A

ventral tegmental area (midbrain, produces dopamine in reaction to rewarding stimuli) and nucleus accumbens (limbic system, receives dopamine and generates feelings of pleasure)

155
Q

primary neurotransmitter of reward pathway

156
Q

How does methamphetamine differ from other stimulants and other forms of amphetamine?

A

stronger, longer lasting effect
stronger impact on dopamine release which causes euphoria, much more potential for abuse and addiction

drugs and behavior (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions