Exam 2 Flashcards
A patient with an elevated potassium level is likely to exhibit:
Peaked T-Waves on an EKG
Most abundant Cation in the Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Potassium
The concentration gradient of this cation between the Extracellular Fluid (ECF) and Intracellular Fluid (ICF) is essential for generation of electrical impulses.
Potassium
Elevated Potassium levels can cause:
Abnormal electrical conduction in the heart and life-threatening dysrythmias
Decreased Potassium can cause:
No symptoms if mild
Dysrhythmias if moderate or severe; also Constipation, fatigue, muscle weakness or spasms, muscle damage and paralysis
Which electrolyte is most prevalent in the extracellular fluids, particularly in the intravascular space?
Sodium (Na)
Electrolyte needed for generation of electrical signals in the body
Sodium (Na)
The Na+/K+ pump located in the cellular membrane keeps Na+ _____ the cell and K+ _____ the cell
Outside; Inside
Symptoms of a Na+ imbalance:
Lethargy
Confusion
Weakness
Swelling
Seizures
Coma
Hydrostatic pressure is an important influence in the movement of water and nutrients across the fluid compartments of the body. In the situation where a patient had an elevated blood pressure, what effect would an increased hydrostatic pressure in the vascular space have on fluid and electrolyte movement?
The pressure would push fluid into the interstitial space causing edema.
Hydrostatic pressure _____ water between the interstitial and capillary spaces
Pushes
Osmotic (Oncotic) pressure _____ water between the interstitial and capillary spaces
Pulls
Increased blood volume and stretching of the heart tissue causes the cells lining the atria and ventricles to secrete:
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Hormone secreted to increase blood volume and BP:
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
How does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) have the opposite effect of aldosterone?
Inhibits the absorption of Na+ and increases glomerular filtration causing an increase in urine output
ANP decreases what
Circulating blood volume and blood osmolarity.
Atrial Natruiretic Peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic Peptide (BNP) are secreted from the cardiac atria and ventricles respectively. ANP signals in an endocrine and paracrine manner to _____ and _____. BNP acts locally to _____.
Decrease BP, cardiac Hypertrophy; reduce ventricular fibrosis
A measurement of PaCO2 indicate the effectiveness of:
Lung ventilation
Lab reports the following blood gas results for your patient:
PH: 7.67
PaCO2: 53MM HG
HCO3: 37 mEq/L
Uncompensated Respiratory Alkalosis
The kidneys respond to acid-based disturbances by:
Excreting and reabsorbing hydrogen or bicarbonate
The Lab reports the following blood gas results for your patient:
PH: 7.3
PaCO2: 50 mm HG
HCO3: 34 mEq/L
Fully compensated respiratory acidosis
Rapid Breathing causes the body to:
Get rid of carbon dioxide
Secretion of aldosterone results in:
Increased blood volume
Secreted by the adrenal cortex when the ECF Na+ level is decreased; it prevents Na+ and H2) loss
Aldosterone
Acts on kidney nephrons and triggers them to reabsorb Na+ and H2) from the urine back into the blood, increasing blood osmolarity and blood volume.
Aldosterone
Prevents excess exertion of Na+ by the kidneys and prevents K+ from getting too high
Aldosterone
______ activated when blood flow or pressure to the kidneys decreases.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. (RAAS)
The Lab reports the following ABG results for your patient:
pH: 7.33
PaCO2: 40mm HG
HCO3: 20 mEq/L
Metabolic acidosis
What patient would be most likely to have decreased intravascular oncotic pressure? A patient with:
Liver failure
A hallmark EKG characteristic of the patient with hyperkalemia is the presence of:
Tall, peaked T waves
A nursing home patient has been admitted with water intoxication. What will his admission orders most likely include?
Monitor neurological status
When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers the principle of water balance is closely related to _____ balance.
Sodium (Na+)
A 64 year old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feeling. Lab results reveal decreased pH increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help confirm the diagnosis of:
Respiratory acidosis
A patient who has had prolonged vomiting has a blood gas drawn with the following results:
PH: 7.42
PaCO2: 51
HCO3: 33
Fully compensated metabolic alkalosis
A nurse is caring for a client who is having a panic attack and begins to hyperventilate. The client reports dizziness and circumoral tingling and numbness. What is the immediate acid base imbalance the client is experiencing?
Respiratory alkalosis
A 33 year old male with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with an elevated blood sugar and blood gas of:
Ph: 7.32
PaCO2: 33
HCO3: 19
Partially compensated metabolic acidosis
If your patient has hyerphosphatemia, he is likely to also have what secondary electrolyte disturbances:
Hypocalcemia
A nurse is preparing to teach about erythropoietin. Which information should the nurse include? Erythropoietin is produced by the body in the:
Kidneys
A patient has a lack of intrinsic factor because of a gastric resection surgery. They are at risk for which form of anemia?
Pernicious anemia
In polycythemia vera, painful pruritis occurs secondary to:
Release of histamine from excessive mast cells
Erythrocytes are vital to which primary function in the body?
Carrying oxygen to tissues
A client with iron-deficiency anemia is scheduled for a complete blood count. The nurse anticipates that the report will show which characteristics of the red blood cells (RBCs)?
Microcytic, hypochromic
Filgastim and oprelvekin should not be given to which of the following patients?
Cancer of the bone marrow
Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding folate (folic acid) deficiency?
Folate deficiency results in normochromic, normocytic anemia
