Exam 2 Flashcards
Theory
General principle that is used to understand certain events or experiences
Framework
A systematic structure for classifying families
Ecological Theory
Concerned with the many social and cultural contexts that affect family living. (Brofenbrenner)
Family Development theory
Divides the experiences of the family into phases or stages of change that are associated with growth and development
Conflict Theory
Conflict is normal and expected in family, and this conflict shapes the individual and the society
Symbolic interaction theory
How people form and share meanings in their communication efforts
Social Exchange theory
Focuses on the costs and rewards associated with human beings
Instrumental roles
(Structural- Functionalist Theory) Roles for the male such as making money, working, etc, so the family can remain stable
Expressive Roles
(Structural- Functionalist Theory) the roles for the female, they were to be caring, people-orientated, and emotional so that family can remain stable
What does the Structural- Functionalist Theory want?
This theory wants all of the separate parts (families) of the whole (society) to be in EQUILIBRIUM
Structures
Patterns of role arrangement in a society
Karl Marx
Germain Economist who believed that every aspect of human life is based on economics and economic relationships
Why did marriage evolve as a legal contract?
so that the property owned by a man could one kept
Feminist theory
Embraces the CONFLICT APPROACH, and focuses on the role that women play in society
Marxist Feminist theory
Says that inequality towards women sprouts from lower class position
Radical Feminist theory
Women experience oppression because of the patriarchy
Liberal Feminist theory
Women oppression is from sexism in society
Lesbian Feminist theory
Women oppression (especially Lesbian) is from heterosexual dominance in society
Women of Color Feminist theory
Women of Color are oppressed because society is racist
Men’s Studies
Study of male/female relationships/conflicts from the male perspective
When did men begin to play more active roles in raising kids?
roughly in the 1980s
Psychosocial
The Social and emotional aspects of development
Infancy (0-2)
Infants show unique personality traits. they begin to walk, talk, and trust
Early Childhood (2-6)
Children are curious and begin to figure out their gender, and what their roles are emotionally and physically
Middle Childhood (the school years 7-12)
Moral Development, sense of self esteem. They begin to compare themselves with others and see differences
Adolescence (13-21)
Rapid Body changes, self-esteem solidifies. They begin to form their own identity
Early Adulthood (22-34)
Forming intimate Relationships, childbearing typically begins
Middle adulthood (35-60)
Adults begin to find an awareness of their own morality and are reflective about their lives
Late Middle adulthood (61-74)
Begin to feel a responsibility for future generations. They begin to serve others
Late Adulthood (75+)
“Life Review” Adults begin to reflect on their lives and prepare things for when they are gone
Family Life Cycle
The cycle consisting of multiple entrances and exits from the family of origin
Pairing and Marriage
Fusion as a couple
Childbearing
Creation of children
School-Age Children
Nurturing
Family with adolescent Children
Boundary Testing
Family as a launching Ground
Leaving/ Letting go
Middle Years
Reviewing/ Reappraising
Aging
Facing Morality
Stages
the level of the game - The place and time you are in
Development
Change across time
Developmental Task
Boss Level - The main task that needs to be completed to move onto the next stage
Transition
Moving from one stage to another after each DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
Normative Event
A normal event in one’s life at a stage
ex. Getting married
Non-Normative Event
A non- normal event in one’s life at a stage
ex. Having a kid when one is 80 years old
On time event
An event that happens at a normal time in a culture
Off Time event
An event that happens at an abnormal time in a culture
ex. Grandma going to college
Epigenesis Principle
The decisions that you make at one point in time keep you from making other choices in life.
ex. If you first semester of college was at OBU, you can never have another first semester of college
Structural Functionalism
theory that sees society as an interconnected system with each part having a different function while still working together
Manifest Function
Obvious functions in society
Latent Functions
Things people don’t know about within functions
Conflict
Disagreements
What does conflict do?
Brings about change in a family
Cooperation
Seems like both people are giving in
Negotiation
Process of trying to get what one wants
Coalition
When people make teams for something
Consensus
When all parties agree
Family Systems Theory
Seeing Families as units. Focuses on interactions between family members
Whole _ Sum of parts
Whole > Sum of parts
Transactional
Where our exchanges with others affect our intimate relations
General Systems Theory
A worldview or a paradigm that puts forth the notion that objects do not exist in isolation, but are interconnected as a whole
System
To connect one thing to another
Family System
An ever-changing group of family members that organizes themselves into an ordered manner
Subsystems
The patterns and interactions among the separate individuals in a family
Boundary
What separates our environment or from other family members
Closed Boundaries
Boundaries where no information goes through
Open Boundaries
Boundaries where information is always spread. This type hurts family members
Homeostasis
Balance
Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems
A model that is used to assess a families health and functioning
Communication rules
Govern what Family members can and cannot share
Symbolic Interaction theory
Assumes that human behavior ought to always be observed and responded to
Symbols
Codes that are used to signify things in different cultures
Meanings
the definition we assign to verbal and nonverbal interactions
Role
Key concept in Symbolic Interaction Theory- a system of meanings
Message
The obvious meaning of the thing being communicated
Metamessage
The underlying context in which the communication takes place
ex. Men are problem solvers so in conversation, they are wanting to solve a problem
Trouble Talk
Emotional or relationship talk
Communication
The process of making and sharing meanings
Verbal Communication
Exchanges of thoughts messages or information through speech
Non-Verbal Communication
Communications via facial expressions and body language
Emotional Communication
The physical movements and gestures that convey our emotions
Relational Messages
Messages that have something to do with the relationship.
Non-relational Messages
Messages that concern things outside of the relationship
Decode
To interpret unspoken exchanges
Functional Communication
Communication that only discusses daily life
Nurturing Communication
Interactions that convey intimacy and emotion
Relational Culture
A framework of understanding that couples make in private
Confirming Messages / Responses
Validation that one wants to be in the relationship through recognition and willingness to work with the other person
Self Disclosure
Voluntarily sharing private or personal things with someone else
emotional Safety
The high degree of trust required to self disclose
Family meetings
Gatherings among family members to discuss something
Active listening
Listening so that we can listen and internalize what is being said
Reflective Listening
A type of active listening where one reflects on and acknowledges one’s perspectives
Reframe
To view an issue from another perspective
Constructive conflict
Conflict that works to improve a relationship
Regulated Couples
Use communication patters that promote closeness and intimacy
Destructive Conflict
Any kind of conflict that hurts a relationship
scapegoating
Where members of the family all put their problems onto one person
Gunnysacking
when someone builds up anger and lets it all out when an argument arises
non-regulated Couples
Couples that have a hard time bouncing back from conflict
Stonewalling
When communication between marital partners completely shuts down
Forgiveness
An intentional process that transforms a strong desire for revenge to positive response
Direct forgiveness
Family members or partners clearly tell someone that they forgive them
Indirect forgiveness
Family members or partners show forgiveness not by words but by actions
Conditional Forgiving
Forgiving someone, but making sure that boundaries are now in play
Narcissistic Entitlement
The sense of only being entitled to the good
Self Righteousness
When a person cannot see that they have a problem or have made a mistake
Sex
Biological traits that distinguish male from female
Gender
The sum of our developmental experiences and how it applies to our identity, role, presentation, etc.
XX Chromosome
Female Genetic Blueprint
XY Chromosome
Male Genetic Blueprint
Sexual Differentiation
A series of events where an embryo gains male or female characteristics
Sex Hormones
Hormones that affect the embryo in the womb and the child in puberty
Sexual Orientation
The focus of another persons desires/ fantasies towards another gender. (What gender someone chooses to like)
Gender Identity
The gender that a person thinks they are
Androgen
The group of masculinizing sex hormones
Testosterone
the male hormone produced by the testis
Estrogen
the feminizing hormone
Gender Binary
The classification of gender into two separate, disconnected forms. (whether because of social or cultural)
Intersex
Someone whose genitalia are are indistinguishable
Disorders of Sex Development (DSD)
A mismatch between a person’s genetic sex and the appearance of their genitals
Cisgender
A person whose birth sex and gender are in alignment
Nonbinary
A person who doesn’t fall into the male or female category
Gender Non-Conforming (Gender Fluid)
People who don’t conform to what society says about gender norms
Sexual Preference
The term used by people who believe that sexuality is fluid about biology vs choice
Gender Expression
External manifestations of gender
Transgender
People who have a gender Expression or identity that does not match their birth sex
Transexual
Someone who wants to or has changed their body medically to be that of another sex
Gender Dysphoria
The distress a person feels because their assigned sex doesn’t match their gender identity
Sex Confirmation Surgery (SCS)
the surgical alteration of ones body from one sex to another
Gender Polarization
A model where cultural viewpoints almost always emphasize the differences between man and woman
Gender Socialization
the specific things that culture says to do if you are a man or a woman
Gender roles
the cultural Norms for male and female behaviors and attitudes
Masculinity
a socially / culturally constructed beliefs and roles that are mainly attributed to men
Hegemonic Masculinity
Each culture’s ideal standard of masculinity for which men are to aim
Machismo
common in Latin America, the idea that men are superior to women socially, and physically
Masculine Gender Roles Stress Theory
The theory that men get stressed because they are not meeting societies standards of masculinity
Femininity
The qualities and behaviors from a society that a woman should have
Marianismo
The belief in Latin Culture that women are semi-divine and superior to men
Gender Inequality
the obvious disparities between genders in society
Sexism
Prejudice of someone because of their sex
Glass Ceiling
Discrimination against women in the workplace. This term shows that there is a blockade for women to continue upward in the workplace
Wage Gap
The inequality between the wages of men and women in America
Confidence gap
The phenomenon where women are less confident in their academic ability then men are
Intersectionality
the interconnected nature of social categorizations
Gender Schemas
The ways in which we internalize and incorporate specific gendered behaviors and expectations
Instrumental Schemas
Patterns associated with masculinity that focus on task oriented behaviors and getting the job done
Expressive Schemas
Patterns of behavior associated with femininity that have an interpersonal or relational orientation
Androgyny
Without assigned gender value, when a person possesses traits/ behaviors typically associated with the opposite gender
Gender Role Development
the process where children acquire behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions that fit their sex
Learning Theory
The Theory that traits and behaviors are not inborn but learned
Social Learning theory
Albert Bandura ; theory that children acquire traits and behaviors by observing others
Cognitive Development Theory
The theory that kids cannot be affected by societies views of gender until they have their own idea of gender
Gender Stability
the realization that kids have where the realize that they were always, and will always be the same gender
Gender Constancy
The realization (around k-2 grade) where kids realize that if someone acts as the opposite gender, that does not make them the opposite gender
Homosocial Play
Children’s preference for same-sex playmates
Equal Rights Amendment
Proposed amendment to the constitution to prohibit sex discrimination
Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA)
Federal Law signed by Bill Clinton that provided more than $1.6 Billion for financial restitution to women who were victims of violent crimes
Sexual Harassment
Any unwelcome physical or sexual conduct by either gender directed to a person of either gender
