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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory nerve only

Associated with sense of smell

Bipolar neurons; pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, and enter olfactory bulbs

A

Olfactory nerve I (1)

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2
Q

Sensory nerve only

Associated with sense of vision

Neuron cell bodies form ganglion layers of retina, and pass through optic foramina of the orbits.

A

Optic nerve II (2)

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3
Q

Primary motor nerve

Monitor impulses to several voluntary muscles that rise eyelids, & move the eye

Motor impulses to involuntary muscles that focus the lens, & adjust the light entering your eye (Part of autonomic nervous system)

Small sensory component (Proprioceptive fibers)

A

Oculomotor nerve III (3)

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4
Q

Primary motor nerve

Smallest pair of cranial nerves

Motor impulses to one pair of muscles that move the eyes

Small sensory component (Proprioceptive fibers)

A

Trochlear nerve IV (4)

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5
Q

Mixed nerve

Largest part of sensory branches

3 large sensory branches:
1. Opthalmic division: Sensory from surface of eyes, tear glands, scalp, forhead, & upper eyelids
2. Maxillary division: Sensory from upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, palate, & skin on the face
3. Mandibular division: Sensory from scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gums, lower lip, & muscles of mastication (Chewing)

A

Trigeminal nerve V (5)

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6
Q

Primary motor nerve

Motor impulses to one pair of muscles that move the eyes

Some sensory (Proprioceptive fibers)

A

Abducens nerve VI (6)

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7
Q

Mixed nerve

Special sensory from taste receptors

Somatic motor to muscles of facial expression

Autonomic motor to tear glands, & salivary glands

A

Facial nerve VII (7)

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8
Q

Sensory nerve only

Acoustic or auditory nerve

2 branches:
* Vestibular branch: Sensory form equilibrium receptors of the ear
* Cochlear branch: Sensory from hearing receptors

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII (8)

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9
Q

Mixed nerve

Sensory from pharynx, tonsils, part of tongue (posterior third), carotid arteries

Motor to salivary glands (autonomic) & muscles o pharynx (for swallowing, somatic)

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX (9)

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10
Q

Mixed nerve

Somatic motor to muscles of speech & swallowing

Autonomic motor to heart, & other viscera of the thorax & abdomen

Sensory from pharynx, larynx, esophagus, & viscera of thorax & abdomen

A

Vagus nerve X (10)

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11
Q

Primary motor nerve

Aka “Spinal accessory”

Contain crainal & spinal branches
* Cranial branch: Motor to muscles of soft palate, pharynx, & larynx ; Join Vagus N
* Spinal branch: Motor to muscles of neck & back ; Small sensory component (proprioceptive fibers)

A

Accessory nerve XI (11)

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12
Q

Primary motor

Motor to muscles of tongue

Small sensory component (Proprioceptive fibers)

A

Hypoglossal nerve XII (12)

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13
Q

Conducts impulses into brain or spinal cord

A

Sensory Nerves

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14
Q

Conducts impulses to muscle or glands

A

Motor Nerves

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15
Q

Contain both sensory & motor nerve fibers

Contains all spinal nerves (except the first pair) & most nerves

A

Mixed Nerves

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16
Q

T/F: Nerves are bundles of axons

A

True

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17
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue coverings located on the structures of periphreal nerves?

A

Endoeurium: Around each axon (Outside Myelin Sheath)

Perineurium: Around fascicles (Bundle of axons)

Epineurium: Around whole nerve

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18
Q

12 pairs total on underside of brain
* 4 are mixed
* 3 are sensory
* 5 are primary motor, innervate muscles or glands

Most are attached to brainstem w/ 2 exceptions
* First pair has fibers that start in nasal cavity & send impulses directly to cerebral cortex
* Second pair originates in eyes, & fiber synapse in thalamus

Anterior & posterior pairs associated w/ cerebrum

Superior & inferior pairs associated w/ remaining

A

Cranial Nerves

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19
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

Dienecphalon

Cerebellum

Brainstem

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20
Q

what are the 3 ventricles in the brain?

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon): Divides brain into telenecephalon & diencephalon

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon): Divides into metencephalon & myelencephalon

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21
Q

What 3 structures make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

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22
Q

What are the 5 lobes in the Cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

Temporal lobe

Occipital lobe

Insula (Island of Reil)

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23
Q

Association areas Carry on higher intellectual process for:
* Concentrating
* Planning
* Complex problem solving
* Emotional behavior, jusging consequences of behavior

Motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles

A

Frontal lobe

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24
Q

Sensory areas are responsible for hearing & interpret complex sensory experiences (understanding speech, & reading)
* Auditory

Associated areas interpret sensory experiences & remember visual scense, music, & other complex sensory patterns

A

Temporal lobe

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25
Q

Sensory areas provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, & pain involving the skin

Association areas function in understanding speech & using words to express thoughts & feelings

Part of lobe associated w/:
* Understanding speech
* Choosing words to express thoughts & feelings

A

Parietal lobe

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26
Q

Sensory areas are responsible for vision

Association areas combine visual images w/ other sensory experiences

Part of lobe associated w/ analyzing & combining viual images w/ other sensory experiences

A

Occipital lobe

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27
Q

Translating sensory information into proper emotional response

A

Insula

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28
Q

What is the difference between a Dominant Hemisphere & a Nondominant Hemisphere?

A

Dominant Hemisphere:
* Language skills of speech, writing, & reading
* Verbal, analytical, & computational skills

Nondominant Hemisphere:
* Nonverbal tasks
* Motor tasks
* Understanding & interpreting musical & visual patterns
* Provides emotional & intuitive thought process

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29
Q

What are 5 neuron structures?

A

Dendrites: Receive signals

Cell body: Manufacture cell components, & intergrate signal

Axon: Conduct impulses

Synaptic Knob: Site of contract w/ target cell

Myelin Sheath: Formed by neuroglia cells to insulate axons ; Interrruped in Periheral neurons by nodes

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30
Q

99% of neurons

Many processes

Most neurons of CNS

3+ processes

A

Multipolar neurons

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31
Q

What is the difference between a Bipolar Neuron & an Unipolar neuron?

A

Bipolar Neuron:
* 2 processes
* Eyes, ears, nose (special senses)

Unipolar neuron:
* 1 process
* Cell bodies are in ganglia
* Sensory neuron
* Dendrites fuse w/ Axons
* *Special senses *

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32
Q

Afferent neurons

Carry impulses to CNS

Most are unipolar

Some are bipolar

A

Sensory Neurons

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33
Q

Association Neurons

Link sensory & motor neurons

Multipolar

Located in CNS

A

Interneurons

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34
Q

Multipolar, efferent

Carry impulses away from CNS

Carry impulses to effectors

A

Motor Neurons

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35
Q

Connect neurons to blood vessel
* Exchange nutrients & growth factors

Acts as filter for brain

Form scar tissue

Aid metabolism of certain substances

Regulates K+

Part of Blood Brain Barrier

A

Astrocytes (Neuroglia of CNS)

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36
Q

Myelinated CNS axons

Provies structural support

A

Oligodenroctyes (Neuroglia of CNS)

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37
Q

Phagocytic cell

Provides structural support

A

Microglia (Neuroglia of CNS)

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38
Q

Line central canal to spinal cord & ventricles of brain
* Cover choroid plexuses

Help regulate composition & circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Cuboidal or columnar cells; ciliated

A

Ependyma / Ependymal cells (Neuroglia of CNS)

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39
Q

PNS neuroglia that encase axons in a sheath

Speed up speed of nerve impulse transmission

Wrap tightly around axon in layers composed of myelin (Lipoprotein mixtures)
* Coating called Myelin Sheath

Node of Ranvier: Gaps in Myelin Sheath between Schwann cells

A

Schwann Cells

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40
Q

Support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia)

Protect cell body

A

Satellite cells (Neuroglia of CNS)

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41
Q

If peripheral axon is injured, it may regenerate

Axon separated from cell body and its myelin sheath will degenerate

Schwann cells and neurilemma remain

Remaining Schwann cells provide guiding sheath for growing axon

If growing axon establishes former connection, function will return; if not, function may be lost.

A

Neuron Regeneration in the PNS

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42
Q

CNS axons lack neurilemma to act as guiding sheath.

Oligodendrocytes do not proliferate after injury.

Regeneration is unlikely

A

Neuron Regeneration in theCNS

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43
Q

Propagated down the length of the axon as nerve impulses

Axon hillock / Initial segment / Trigger zone at first part of axon contains many voltage-gated sodium channels

When threshold is reached (-55 mV), voltage-gated Na+ channels open (Beginning of the action potential)

Na+ ions diffuse into the cell, and membrane depolarizes (Toward 0)

Na+ channels close and K+ channels open

K+ diffuses out of the cell, and membrane repolarizes (Toward -70)

The voltage goes a below -70 mV, so the membrane is temporarily hyperpolarized (-90)

Then K+ channels close

Na+/K+ pumps bring the membrane back to RMP (-70 mV)

A

Action Potentials

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44
Q

Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another
* Connection between nerves

Connect dendrite of 1 neuron to axon of another

Neurotransmitters are released when impulse reaches synaptic knob

2 types of potentials:
* Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
* Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
* EPSPs and IPSPs are added together in a process called summation

A

Synapse

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45
Q

Membrane change in which neurotransmitter opens Na+ Channels

Depolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron, as Na+ enter axon

Action potential in postsynaptic neuron becomes more likely

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

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46
Q

Membrane change in which neurotransmitter opens K+ channels (or Cl- channels)

Hyperpolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron, as K+ leaves axon

Action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

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47
Q

Decisions are acted upon

Impulses are carried to effectors (muscles or glands)

Divisions of motor portion of PNS

Somatic Nervous System: transmits voluntary instructions to skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System: transmits involuntary instructions from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

Motor Function of the nervous system

48
Q

PNS have a series of Schwann cells lined up along the axon, each having a wrapped coating of myelin insulating the axon

A

Myelinated axons

49
Q

Encased by Schwann cell cytoplasm, but there is no wrapped coating of myelin surrounding the axons.

A

Unmyelinated axons

50
Q

During an impulse, the portion of the axon actively conducting the action potential is not able to respond to another threshold stimulus of normal strength

Limits number of action potentials generated per second

Longest is cardiac ; Shortest is skeletal

2 Parts:
* Absolute Refractory Period
* Relative Refractory Period

A

Refactory Period

51
Q

What are 3 factors affect impulse conduction?

A

Increase in concentration of K+ in extracellular fluid:
* Increase in concentration of K+ to leave cell; threshold potential reached with stimulus of lower intensity; leads to excitable neurons, perhaps convulsions

Decrease in concentration of K+ in extracellular fluid:
* Neurons can become hyperpolarized; action potentials are not generated; lack of impulses leads to muscle paralysis

Decrease in permeability to K+ ions:
* Can be caused by some anesthetic drugs; stops impulses from passing through tissue fluid around axon; impulses do not reach brain, and there is no perception of touch and pain

52
Q

Where are neurotransmitters produced?

A

Rough ER or cytoplasm

53
Q

Neurotransmitters are released by ____________.

A) Endocytosis
B) Exocytosis

A

B) Exocytosis

54
Q

Consists of the brain & spinal cord
* Brain is the largest & most complex part of the nervous system
* Brain controls sensation, perception, movement, & thinking

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

55
Q

Membranes that protect brain & spinal cord

Consists of 3 layers:
* Dura mater (Outer layer)
* Arachnoid mater (middle layer ; weblike)
* Pia mater (Inner layer attached to spinal cord)

A

Meningies

56
Q

Outer layer of meningies

Tough, dense connective tissue

Dural sinuses

Epidural space

A

Dura Mater

57
Q

Middle layer ; web-like

Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Arachnoid mater

58
Q

Inner layer ; attached to surface of brain & spinal cord

Blood vessels & nerves

Nourishes CNS

A

Pia mater

59
Q

Cushions brain

Secreted by the choroid plexuses, special capillaries of pia mater covered by ependymal cells

Stored in arachnoid space

Selective transfer of substances from the blood to form
* Nutritive & protective

After exchange substances are absorbed by the arachnoid granulations

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

60
Q

Continuous secretions & reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) keeps fluid pressure in ventricles constant

Interference w/ circulation of CSF (by infection, tumor, blood clot) can increase ICP in ventricles

Can lead to collapse of cerebral blood vessels, injury to brain tissue (Compressed against skull)

Pressure can be relieved by inserting a drain into subarachnoid space
* Ex: hydrocephalus in an infant can be treated w/ a shunt

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure

61
Q

Neural centers for sensory function

Sensations & perceptions

Motor commands to skeletal muscles

Higher mental functions (memory, reasoning)

Neural centers for regulating visceral activities

Personality

A

Brain

62
Q

What is the larges part of the brain?

A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Thalamus
D) Corpus callosum

A

A) Cerebrum

63
Q

Thin layer of gray matter

Makes up outermost layer of the cerebrum

Interpretes impules from sensory organs
* Creating sensations
* Forming perceptions

Initiating voluntary movements

Storing information as memory
* Retrieving stored info

Reasoning, seat of intelligence & personality

A

Cerebral Cortex

64
Q

Lies deep to the cerebral cortex

Makes up most of cerebrum

Contains bundles of myelinated axons

A

White matter of cerebrum

65
Q

What are the 6 sensory areas of the cortex?

A

Cutaneous Sensory Area:
* Parietal Lobe
* Interprets sensations on skin

Sensory Speech Area (Wernicke’s Area):
* Temporal / parietal lobe
* Usually left hemisphere
* Understanding & formulating language

Visual Area:
* Occipital Lobe
* Interprets vision

Auditory Area:
* Temporal lobe
* Interprets hearing

Sensory Area for Taste:
* Near base of the central sulcus
* Includes part of insula

Sensory Area for Smell:
* Arise from centers on the deep side of temporal lobes

66
Q

What are the motor areas of the cortex?

A

Primary motor areas:
* Frontal lobes
* Control voluntary muscles
* Most nerve fibers cross over in brainstem

Brocas area:
* Anterior to primary motor cortex
* Usually in left hemisphere
* Controls muscles needed for speech

Frontal eye field:
* Above Brocas area
* Controls voluntary movements of eyes & eyelids

67
Q

Between cerebral hemispheres & above the brainstem

Surrounds the 3rd ventricle

Composed of gray matter

Contains:
* Thalamus / Hypothalamus
* Posterior pituitary
* Pineal gland

A

Diencephalon

68
Q

Gateway for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex

Receives all sensory impulse (except for sense of smell)

A

Thalamus

69
Q

Maintain homeostasis by regulating visceral activities:
* HR, BP, temp
* Water, electrolytes
* Hunger, body weight, movement
* Glandular secretions (digestive tract)
* Pituitary gland function
* Sleep & wakefulness

Links nervous & endocrine systems

A

Hypothlamus

70
Q

Consists of several structures in various parts o brain, including diencephalon

Controls emotions response, feelings, & behaviors oriented toward survival

Reacts to potentially life-threatening upsets (Physical or psychological)

A

Limbic System

71
Q

Lies between diencephalon & pons

Contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem & spinal cord w/ higher part of the brain

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Midbrain

72
Q

Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem
* Between midbrain & medulla oblongata

Relays nerve impulses between medulla oblongata & cerebrum

Relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum

Helps regulate rhythm of breathing

A

Pons

73
Q

Enlarged continuation of spinal cord

Conducts ascending & descending impulses between brain & spinal cord

Contains cardiac, vasomotor, & respiratory control centers

Contains various nonvital reflex control centers (Coughing, sneezing, swallowing, & vomiting)

Injuries are fatal

A

Medulla Oblongata

74
Q

Inferior to occpitial lobes ; Dorsal to pons & medulla oblongata ; posterior to brain

Cerebellar cortex (Gray matter)
Arbor Vitae (White mater)

Integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts

Coordinates skeletal muscle activity, maintains posture

A

Cerebellum

75
Q

Slender column of nerve tissue continous w/ brain & brainstem

Extends downward through vertebral canal

Begins at the foramen magnum & terminates at first & second lumbar vertebrae (L1, L2) space

31 segments, each give rise to a pair of nerves

Grouped according to the level of vertebra w/ which they are associated

A

Spinal cord

76
Q

What are the Longitudinal sections of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical enlargment

Lumbar enlargement

Conus medullaris

Filum terminale

Cauda equina

77
Q

What is the diference between ascending & descending tracts?

A

Ascending Tracts: Conduct sensory impulses to the brain (pink)
* Sensory neurons

Sescending Tracts: Conduct motor impulses from the brain via motor neurons reaching muscles & glands (light brown)

Tracts are composed of axons (white matter)

78
Q

Consists of nerves that connect CNS to other body parts

Includes:
* Cranial Nerves: Arising from the brain
* Spinal Nerves:Arising from the spinal cord

Divided into 2 parts:
* Somatic Nervous System: Cranial & spinal nerves that connect CNS to the skill & skeletal muscles (Consciois activites)
* Autonomic Nervous System: Cranial & spinal nerves that connect CNS to viscera (Subconscious activities)

A

Peripheral Nervous System

79
Q

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. How many are in the following:

_ Cranial nerves (C _ to C _ )
_ Thoracic nerves (T _ to T _ )
_ Lumbar nerves (L _ to L _ )
_ Sacral nerves (S _ to S _ )
_ Coccygeal nerves (C _ )

A

8 Cranial nerves (C1 to C8)
12 Thoracic nerves (T1 to T12)
5 Lumbar nerves (L1 to L5)
5 Sacral nerves (S1 to S5 )
1 Coccygeal nerves (C0 )

80
Q

Whats the difference between Anterior (ventral) Root & Posterior (dorsal) root

A

Anterior (ventral) Root: Motor root
* Cell bodies found in gray matter of spinal cord

Posterior (dorsal) root: Sensory root
* Posterior root ganglion: Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

81
Q

What are the 4 branches of spinal nerves outside the spinal cord?

A

Meningeal branch

Posterior branch/ramus

Anterior branch/ramus

Visceral branch (only in thoracic & lumbar)

82
Q

Complex network formed by anterior rami (branches) of spinal nerves

Not in T2-T12, instead anterior rami become intercostal nerves

Fibers of various spinal nerves are sorted & recombined, so all fibers heading to same peripheral body part reach in the same nerve

3 Nerve Plexuses: Cervival, brachial, lumbosacral

A

Nerve Plexus

83
Q

Formed by anterior rami (branches) of C1-C4 spinal nerves

Lies deep in the neck

Supply muscles & skin of the neck

C3-C5 nerve roots contribute to phrenic nerves, which transmt motor impulses to the diaphragm

A

Cervical Plexus

84
Q

Formed by anterior branches C5-T1

Lies deep w/in shoulders

5 branches:
* Musculocutaneous Nerve: Supply muscles of anterior arms & skin of forearms
* Ulnar & Median Nerve: Supply muscles of forearms & hands, skin of hands
* Radial Nerve: Supply posterior muscles of arm & skin of forearms & hands
* Axillary Nerve: Supply muscles & skin of anterior, lateral, & posterior arms

A

Brachial Plexus

85
Q

Formed by the anterior branches of L1-S4 roots

Lumbar portions are in lumbar regions of the abdomen, & the sacral portions are in pelvic cavity

Obturator Nerve: Supply motor impulses to adductors of thighs

Femoral Nerve: Supply motor impulses to muscls of anterior thigh & sensory impulses from skin of thighs & legs

Sciatic Nerve: Supply muscles & skin of thighs, legs & feet; largest/longest nerve in body

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

86
Q

Part of PNS

Functions w/o conscious effort

Controls visceral activities

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands

Helps maintain homeostasis & helps body respond to stress

Prepares body for exercise, intense physical activity

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

87
Q

What are 2 divisions of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

Sympathetic Division:
* Prepares body for “fight or flight” situations ; speeds body up
* Most active under energy-requiring, stressful, emergency situations

Parasympathetic Division:
* Prepares body for “resting & digesting” activities ; slows body down
* Most active under resting, nonstressful conditions

88
Q

Autonomic motor pathway contains what 2 neurons?

A

Preganglionic Fibers:
* Axons of preganglionic neurons
* Neuron cell bodies are in CNS

Postganglionic Fibers:
* Axons of postganglionic neurons
* Neuron cell bodies in ganglia
* Extend to visceral effector
* Ectends sympathetic ganglia to visceral effector organs

89
Q

Thoracolumbar division (T1-L2)

Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord, leave via ventral roots & enter sympathetic chain (paracertebral) ganglia
* Send distance from viscera (regulate)

Sympathetic chain ganglia + fibers that connect them make up sympathetic trunk

Ex: Collateral ganglia in abdomen lie close to some large blood vessels

A

Sympathetic Division

90
Q

What are 2 types of autoniomic neurotransmitters?

A

Cholinergic Neurons:
* Releases acetylcholine
* Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Adrenergic neurons:
* Release Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
* Most postganslionic sympathetic fibers

91
Q

Collect information for the enviornment, & relay it to the CNS on sensory neurons

Link to nevous system to internal & external changes/events

Can be specialized cells or multicellular structures

A

Sensory receptors

92
Q

What are the 5 sensoy receptors in the body?

A

Chemoeceptors: Respond to changes in chemical concentations
* Smell, taste, O2 concentration

Pain Receptors: Responds to tissue damage
* Mechanical, electrical, thermal energy

Thermoreceptors: Respond to modeate changes in temp

Mechanoreceptors: Respond to mechanical foces that distort receptor
* Touch, tension, BP, stretch

Photoreceptors: Respond to light
* Eyes

93
Q

What are the 3 goups of general senses?

A

Exteroceptive senses: Exteroceptive senses

Interoceptive (visceroceptive) senses: Senses associated with changes in the viscera, such as blood pressure stretching blood vessels

Proprioceptive senses: Senses associated with changes in muscles, tendons, and joints, as when changing position or exercising

94
Q

What are 3 pain-inhibiting substances produced in the body?

A

Enkephalins

Serotonin

Endorphin

95
Q

Have receptors in internal organs

Convey information that includes the sense of fullness after eating a meal as well as the discomfort of intestinal gas and the pain that signals a heart attack

Examples of visceral receptors: lamellated corpuscles, free nerve endings.

A

Visceral senses

96
Q

Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through openings in cribriform plates of ethmoid bone (bipolar neuron)

Olfactory receptor cells → olfactory bulbs → olfactory tracts → limbic system (for emotions) and olfactory cortex (for interpretation).

Limbic system, center for memory and emotion, provides emotional responses to certain odorant molecule

A

Olfactory Pathways

97
Q

Sensory impulses from taste receptor cells travel on fibers of 3 different cranial nerves, according to the location of the taste cells:
* Facial nerve (VII)
* Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
* Vagus nerve (X)

Cranial nerves conduct impulses into medulla oblongata

Impulses then proceed to the thalamus.

Impulses are interpreted in the gustatory cortex in the insula

A

Taste Pathways

98
Q

What are the accessory organs for sense of sight?

A

Upper and lower eyelids (palpebrae, protection)

Eyelashes (protection)

Lacrimal apparatus (tear production)

Extrinsic eye muscles (eye movement)

99
Q

Composed of 4 layers:
* Skin
* Muscle
* Connective tissue
* Conjunctiva

Orbicularis oculi muscle closes eyelid

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle opens eyelid

Tarsal glands secrete oil onto eyelashes

A

Eyelids (Palpebrae)

100
Q

Cornea + Sclera

Cornea:
* Anterior sixth.
* Transparent.
* Helps focus light rays.
* Transmits and refracts light

Sclera:
* Posterior five sixths.
* White, opaque.
* Protects eye, attaches muscles.
* Pierced by optic nerve and blood vessels

A

Outer (fibrous) tunic

101
Q

Forms internal ring around the front of the eye

Processes are the radiating folds.

Muscles contract and relax to move lens
* Changes lens shape for focusing

Suspensory ligaments hold lens in position

Anterior portion / Thickest portion

Pigmented.

A

Ciliary body

102
Q

Controls amount of light entering the eye controlling the size of the pupil (hole in the iris).
* located in front of lens.

Consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle (colored portion of eye).

Anterior to ciliary body.

Pigmented.

A

Iris

103
Q

Window or opening in center of iris.

Dim light stimulates radial muscles and causes dilation

Bright light stimulates circular muscles and causes constriction

Amount and distribution of melanin determines eye color

A

Pupil

104
Q

Consists of retina
* Retina contains visual receptors (photoreceptors)

Continuous with optic nerve in back of eye & ends just behind margin of the ciliary body toward front of eye

Composed of several layers.
* Macula lutea: yellowish spot in retina.
* Fovea centralis: center of macula lutea; produces sharpest vision.
* Optic disc: blind spot; contains no photoreceptors; found where nerve fibers from retina leave eye to become optic nerve.
* Vitreous humor: thick gel that holds retina flat against choroid coat, and helps maintain the eye’s shape.

A

Inner (Nervous) Tunic

105
Q

What ae the 3 layes of the eye?

A

Outer layer:
* Posteior porition: Sclera
* Function: Protecion
* Anterior portion: Cornea
* Function: Light transmission & refaction

Middle layer:
* Posteior porition: Choroid coat
* Function: Blood supply, pigment prevents reflection
* Anterior portion: Ciliary body, iris
* Function: Accomidation, contols light intensity

Inner layer:
* Posteior porition: Retina
* Function: Photoreception, impulse conduction

106
Q

Long, thin projections.

Contain light sensitive pigment, called rhodopsin

Hundreds of times more sensitive to light than cones.

Provide vision in dim light

Produce vision without color in shades of gray

Produce outlines of objects

Named for shape of receptive ends: Cylindrical

A

Rods

107
Q

Short, blunt projections

Contain light sensitive pigments, called erythrolabe, chlorolabe, and cyanolabe

Provide vision in bright light

Produce sharp images

Produce color vision

Fovea centralis contains only cones

Named for shape of receptive ends: conical

A

Cones

108
Q

Light-sensitive pigment in rods

In presence of light, decomposes into Opsin and Retinal

Triggers a complex series of reactions that initiates nerve impulses

Impulses travel along optic nerve

A

Rhodopsin (Visual purple)

109
Q

Each type of cone contains different light-sensitive pigment.

Each type of cone is sensitive to different wavelengths.

Color perceived depends on which types of cones are stimulated.
Erythrolabe: responds to red light.
Chlorolabe: responds to green light.
Cyanolabe: responds to blue light.

A

Iodopsins (pigments in cones)

110
Q

Abundant in hairless portions of skin & lips

Detect fine touch & texture

Distinguish between 2 points

Type of mechanoreceptor associated w/ touch & pressure senses

A

Tactile (Meissner’s) Corpuscles

111
Q

Nerve endings encased in lage ellipsoidal structures

Common in deeper subcutaneous tissues, tendons and ligaments.

Detect heavy pressure and vibrations.

Type of mechanoreceptor associated w/ touch & pressure senses

A

Touch & pressure senses

112
Q

Consist of free nerve endings

Widely distributed.

Nervous tissue of brain lacks pain receptors.

Stimulated by tissue damage, chemicals, mechanical forces, or extremes in temperature.

Adapt very little, if at all.

A

Pain receptors/nociceptors

113
Q

Visceral pain may feel as if coming from some other part of the body

Results from common nerve pathways, in which sensory impulses from the visceral organ and a certain area of the skin synapse with the same neuron in the CNS.

Example of referred pain: Heart pain often feels like it is coming from the left shoulder or medial portion of left arm.

A

Reffered pain

114
Q

Senses that have sensory receptors are within large, complex sensory organs in the head
Smell: olfactory organs in nasal cavity.
Taste: taste buds in oral cavity.
Hearing and equilibrium: inner ears.
Sight: eyes

A

Special senses

115
Q

What are the 5 primary taste sensations?

A

Sweet: stimulated by carbohydrates.
Sour: stimulated by acids (H+)
Salty: stimulated by salts (Na+ or K+)
Bitter: stimulated by many organic compounds, M g and C a salts.
Umami: stimulated by some amino acids, MSG.

116
Q

What are the 3 parts of the outer ear?

A

Auricle (Pinna):
* Funnel-shaped
* Collects sounds waves

External acoustic meatus:
* S-shaped tube.
* Lined with ceruminous glands.
* Carries sound to tympanic membrane.
* Terminates at tympanic membrane
Tympanic membrane (Eardrum):
* Vibrates in response to sound waves

117
Q

What are the 5 parts of the middle ear?

A

Tympanic cavity:
* Air-filled space in temporal bone

Auditory ossicles:
* 3 tiny bones.
* Vibrate in response to tympanic membrane vibrations; amplify force.
* Malleus, incus and stapes.
* Hammer, anvil and stirrup

Oval window:
* Opening in wall of tympanic cavity.
* Stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear.

Tympanic Reflex:
* Muscle contractions that occur during loud sounds, to lessen the transfer of sound vibrations to inner ear, and prevent damage to hearing receptors.
* Muscles involved are tensor tympani and stapedius

Auditory (eustachian) tube:
* Connects middle ear to throat.
* Helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane.
* Usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat.

Anatomy (5 decks)

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