Exam #2 Flashcards
Compare and contrast the taste perception of dogs and cats.
To compare, both dogs and cats do not have a salt perception which is an immediate difference from people. Although dogs favor sweet flavors over others, their taste perception is also similar with cats in which Umami is a leading preference. Cats prefer bitter flavors first over others.
Which of the following would not slow the rate of gastric emptying?
A low fat diet
A low moisture diet
A diet high in soluble fiber
A large meal
A low fat diet
Kibble is round to increase surface area, which allows easier access for digestive enzymes.
True
How are the GI organs of dogs and cats different than a horse?
Dogs and cats much like horses are monogastric. However, horses stomachs comparatively are quite small to the other organs and will have a bigger large intestine, colon, and cecum to aid the hindgut fermentation processes. Dogs and cats will also have larger small intestine and stomach compared to other organs to process and digest the diet earlier on on the digestive tract.
The nutrient requirements published from this organization are more commonly used to formulate diets for dogs and cats.
AAFCO
AAFCO reports minimum nutrient requirements for dogs and cats using what 2 categories?
Maintenance
Growth and reproduction
The Feloidea superfamily includes 3 families (genet, hyena, and cat) that have all evolved as strict carnivores.
True
It is not possible to feed a cat a vegetarian or vegan diet.
False
Calculate the maintenance energy requirement (MER) of Cade, a healthy 3-year-old chocolate lab weighing 85 lb.
85 / 2.2 = 38.6 ^0.75 = 15.5
15.5 * 70 = 1085 kcals is the RER
1085 * 1.5 = 1627.5 kcals is the maintenance energy requirement
Explain why metabolic body weight is used to determine an animal’s energy requirement.
we raise the weight to .67 or .75 because they are based on surface area. putting a linear relationship between surface area and energy. increased surface to volume ratio and has a higher heat loss because they metabolize energy at a faster rate.
Discuss the optimal diet for dogs racing in the Iditarod.
Dogs racing in the Iditarod are quite tricky to feed do to the high energy requirements needed. Because these dogs can exceed a “regular” dogs intake by a significant amount, finding ways to include more things such as fats and proteins are important when trying to feed these dogs. Theoretically, if you were giving one of these dogs the recommended amount of dog food for their energy levels, they would have to eat roughly 80 cans of wet dog food to meet their needs, because of this supplementation with fats to the diet are necessary.
Dogs and cats have a dietary requirement for carbohydrates.
False
Cats are in a constant state of gluconeogenesis.
True
Cats have minimal activity of which glycolytic enzyme?
Glucokinase
What is the primary carbohydrate in pet food?
Starch
Cats and dogs can tolerate a large consumption of dairy products.
False
Dogs and cats have a dietary requirement for fiber.
False
What is the AAFCO minimum recommendation for fat in adult maintenance diets for dogs?
5%
The amount of alpha-linolenic acid in pet food is determined relative to the level of linoleic acid.
True
Rancidity of pet food can cause essential fatty acid deficiencies in dogs and cats.
True
Nitrogen balance studies provide amino acid requirements.
False
Positive nitrogen balance is used for which physiological state?
Growth
The protein requirements of dogs and cats are likely underestimated.
True
Explain why cats have an immediate and severe response to a deficiency in arginine.
Arginine is part of the urea cycle in cats, deficiencies can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and if sever enough coma and death. Cats have an immediate and severe reaction to this deficiency to to their inability to synthesize oranine which is a vital and used in this process. The ability to regulate and excrete excess nutrients is very important, when this cycle is not able to be used as intended and efficiently, it can cause issues like this one.
What is the first limiting amino acid in most commercial pet foods?
Methionine
Which amino acid is most susceptible to processing damage (Maillard reactions)?
Lysine
How can rice bran cause a taurine deficiency?
Deficiency of certain vitamins and amino acids, such as vitamin A, zinc, cysteine, or methionine
Cats are more at risk of a vitamin A toxicity compared to dogs because preformed vitamin A is readily absorbed.
True
Why is additional vitamin E needed in cat diets containing high levels of fish oils?
Visamin E helps with oxidation and is needed
The bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus in plant products is higher than that of animal products.
False
Vitamin K is supplemented in cat diets containing 25% or more fish.
True
Certain types of raw fish contain an enzyme that destroys which B vitamin?
Thiamin (B1)
Many animal-based ingredients included in pet food have more calcium than phosphorus.
False
Dogs and cats don’t have the “salt appetite.”
True
Cats show preference for sweet flavors.
False
A dog can consume large meals due to the stomach’s ability to expand.
True
Kibble is round to increase surface area, which allows easier access for digestive enzymes.
True
In regards to their GI tract, why do dogs and cats need to be fed highly digestible diets?
They have a short/small large intestine
Carnivores rely heavily on microbial fermentation to digest nutrients.
False
How are the GI organs of dogs and cats different than a horse?
Size/function of stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon
How are the GI organs of dogs and cats different than a cow?
Size/function of stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon
An agility dog is going to have higher nutrient requirements than a couch potato dog.
True
Which of the following is not a goal for pet food?
Promote excessive growth
Due to advancements over the past 40 years, obvious nutrient deficiencies are rare in dogs and cats.
True
The nutrient requirements published from this organization are more commonly used to formulate diets for
dogs and cats.
AAFCO
AAFCO reports minimum nutrient requirements for dogs and cats using the following 2 categories.
1. Growth and reproduction
2. Adult maintenance
True
The Feloidea superfamily includes 3 families (genet, hyena, and cat) that have all evolved as strict carnivores.
True
The Canoidea superfamily includes several families with very diverse dietary habits.
True
Compare and contrast the evolutionary history of dogs and cats.
Phylogenic tree
It is not possible to feed a cat a vegetarian or vegan diet.
False
Explain why metabolic body weight is used to determine an animal’s energy requirement.
Discuss the optimal diet for dogs racing in the Iditarod.
Dogs and cats have a dietary requirement for carbohydrates.
False
Cats are in a constant state of gluconeogenesis.
True
What is gluconeogenesis?
Why are cats in a constant state of gluconeogenesis? What are the benefits?
Cats have minimal activity of which glycolytic enzyme?
Glucokinase
What is the primary carbohydrate in pet food?
Starch
Why are carbohydrates included in pet food?
How is the starch in pet food over 90% digestible for dogs and cats?
Cats and dogs can tolerate a large consumption of dairy products.
False
Dogs and cats do not have a dietary requirement for fiber.
True
Dogs and cats have a dietary requirement for fat.
False
The amount of alpha-linolenic acid in pet food is determined relative to the level of linoleic acid.
True
Minimums for EPA and DHA have been established for dogs and cats.
False
What are the symptoms of a deficiency in linoleic acid in dogs and cats?
Rancidity of pet food can cause essential
fatty acid deficiencies in dogs and cats.
True
What is rancidity? How can it impact pet
food?
Nitrogen balance studies provide amino
acid requirements.
False
Zero nitrogen balance is used for which
physiological state?
Maintenance
What is the average protein digestibility
of high-quality commercial pet foods?
80-90%
The protein requirements of dogs and
cats are likely underestimated.
True
Why are the protein requirements for
dogs and cats thought to be
underestimated?
Explain the relationship between protein
and energy density in pet food.
When lower quantities of food are fed because of greater energy density, protein must contribute a higher proportion of the diet so that the animal is still able to meet its total protein needs.
If a dog has depleted body protein reserves how would their dietary protein requirement be impacted? Why?
Dogs with depleted body protein reserves require lower levels of N to achieve
N balance (Allison et al., 1946)
* Increased efficiency of absorption
* Metabolic down-regulation of protein catabolism
According to AAFCO, what is the
minimum level of protein that should be
included in diets for adult dogs at
maintenance?
18%
In contrast to other species, cats require
more protein for maintenance than
growth.
True
Explain why cats have an immediate and
severe response to a deficiency in
arginine.
What is the first limiting amino acid in
most commercial pet foods?
Methionine
Which amino acid is most susceptible to
processing damage (Maillard reactions)?
Lysine
Cats have a higher requirement for
methionine and cysteine due to the
production of felinine.
True
What is felinine?
What is taurine, where is it found, and
why is it important?
Why do cats have a taurine requirement?
It is critical for normal vision, digestion and heart muscle function, for the maintenance of a healthy immune system, and the maintenance of normal pregnancy and fetal development.
Taurine is generally not considered an essential amino acid for dogs, because these animals can synthesize taurine from cysteine and methionine.
A deficiency in taurine can cause DCM.
True
The AAFCO minimum for taurine is
greater for canned cat food compared to
dry cat food.
True
How can rice bran cause a taurine
deficiency?
There is an increased risk of taurine
deficiency with increased body size in
dogs.
True
