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Animal Nutrition Final > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain how a nutritionist would approach formulating a diet for a dog or cat compared to a production/livestock animal.

A

dogs and cats both digest different foods very different than livestock do, so therefore dogs and cats need a more complete diet with macronutrients, and micronutrients for specific age, health, weight, and activity level. While livestock needs a diet based on production goals that can fluctuate in essential minerals and vitamins as well as protein for maximum production

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2
Q

AAFCO is the regulating group responsible for the standards governing commercially prepared pet foods.

A

True

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3
Q

Nutrients become available for other metabolic functions once energy needs are met.

A

True

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4
Q

Which piece of equipment is used to measure energy?

A

Bomb calorimeter

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5
Q

What are the energy yielding nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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6
Q

What are the 2 energy losses considered for dogs and cats?

A

Fecal and urinary

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7
Q

Provide and discuss a couple of reasons why cats are classified as obligate carnivores in terms of nutrition.

A

they have the biological need to consume meat in order to meet their nutritional requirements, they have a smaller digestive tract and those competing enzymes have a difficult time digesting due to this. Therefore they need to eat these nutrients to be supplied with this. Their teeth also play a role in this as well as the consumption of taurine in the meat.

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8
Q

How have dogs evolved to be omnivores in regards to nutrition?

A

Dogs have evolved to be omnivores in regards to nutrition du to their ability to digest more plant based materials than before. Like discussed in cats, dogs have more premolars that reflect these changes as well as slightly different requirements for vitamins, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids.

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9
Q

Fiber has beta-bonds making it indigestible by digestive enzymes.

A

True

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10
Q

Why is beet pulp commonly used in pet food?

A

Beet pulp has a low solubility but moderate fermentation values. This is ideal due to its ability to add bulk to stool, slow down digestive flow, and overall ability to improve stool. Digestible fibers that are highly fermentable tend to cause upset and can in fact impede your intentions to improve the diet. SCFA are produced from this and this increases colon weight and this results in good stool if used in the correct amount.

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11
Q

Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential fatty acid for both dogs and cats.

A

True

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12
Q

Similar to humans, there is evidence that medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) directly enter the portal blood supply rather than the lymphatic system in dogs.

A

False

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13
Q

Describe some pros and cons regarding the function of dietary fat in pet food.

A

Dietary fat has a lot of good qualities such as helping the animal maintain temperature, improving palatability of pet food, and helping fat soluble vitamins such as A,D,E,K enter the system.

I would say the biggest con would be how easily it is to be unbalanced and give the pet too much fat, causing them to gain excessive weight. Not only can that be an issue, but in regards to palatability, if fat content is not between 25-40% it is likely not going to be desired. More is not always better.

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14
Q

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) provide a significant amount of energy for dogs and cats.

A

False

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15
Q

Which amino acid is not essential for dogs and cats?

A

Proline

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16
Q

If you are feeding a low-quality protein source, less quantity is needed to meet an animal’s requirement.

A

False

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17
Q

Which is commonly used as the reference protein when evaluating protein quality?

A

Egg

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18
Q

The chemical score method used to evaluate protein quality accounts for all of the essential amino acids in the test protein.

A

False

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19
Q

The net protein utilization (NPU) method for evaluating protein quality accounts for the digestibility of the protein.

A

True

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20
Q

Dogs and cats depend on dietary sources to meet their vitamin D requirement.

A

True

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21
Q

Which vitamin is routinely administered in the treatment of rodenticide poisoning in pets?

A

Vitamin K

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22
Q

Consumption of raw egg whites can lead to a deficiency in which B vitamin?

A

Biotin

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23
Q

Vitamin C must be included in diets for dogs and cats.

A

False

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24
Q

Which of the following is not a micromineral?

A

Copper

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25
Q

What are the 3 electrolytes?

A

Potassium, sodium, chloride

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26
Q

What is the recommended Ca:P ratio in pet food?

A

1:1 to 2:1

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27
Q

Methionine and cystine can provide adequate amounts of what mineral?

A

Sulfur

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28
Q

Dogs and cats can adapt to a wide variation of sodium intake.

A

True

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29
Q

Which mineral helps form stomach acid?

A

Chloride

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30
Q

Which mineral helps to convert tyrosine to melanin?

A

Copper

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31
Q

Selenium can spare which vitamin?

A

E

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32
Q

A deficiency in this mineral could cause a vitamin B12 deficiency.

A

Cobalt

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33
Q

Dogs and cats enzymatically digest carbohydrates in the mouth.

A

False

34
Q

The brush border of the small intestine is the final site of nutrient digestion prior to absorption.

A

True

35
Q

What is AAFCO?

A

The Association of American Feed Control Officials is a non-profit organization which sets standards for the quality and safety of animal feed and pet food in the United States.

36
Q

Essential nutrients must be supplied in the
diet.

A

True

37
Q

Nutrients become available for other metabolic functions once energy needs are met.

A

True

38
Q

What energy system is used for pet food and energy requirements for dogs and cats?

A

Metabolizable energy

39
Q

Animal feeding trials are the gold standard to determine ME of a pet food.

A

True

40
Q

Researchers must collect and analyze feces and urine in a digestibility trial to determine ME of a diet.

A

False

41
Q

Sucrose is composed of which 2 monosaccharides?

A

Glucose + fructose

42
Q

Starch and glycogen have alpha-bonds making them indigestible.

A

False

43
Q

Dogs and cats directly digest dietary fiber.

A

False

44
Q

Beet pulp is a moderately fermentable fiber source commonly used in pet food.

A

True

45
Q

Diets rich in highly fermentable fiber can result in poor stool quality in dogs.

A

True

46
Q

What are the benefits of fiber in pet food?

A

Fiber is beneficial for pets because it is broken down into SCFAs and these help with reducing bacterial problems in the colon as well as decreasing transit time in the colon

47
Q

Compare and contrast different fiber sources.

A

soluble fiber - viscous solution with water, affect stomach emptying and transit time, and highly fermentable in the LI
insoluble fiber - less fermentable, increase fecal mass, and decrease transit time

48
Q

What is the most important type of fat in the diet?

A

Triglycerides

49
Q

What fatty acids are essential for dogs? What fatty acids are essential for cats?

A

dogs - linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA
cats- linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid

50
Q

Similar to humans, there is evidence that MCTs directly enter the portal blood supply rather than the lymphatic system in dogs.

A

False

51
Q

Dietary fat is digestible in _________ dogs.

A

Highly

52
Q

Technically, dogs and cats have a requirement for certain amino acids and nitrogen levels not protein.

A

True

53
Q

Which amino acid is not essential for dogs and cats?

A

Proline

54
Q

Why is fat included in pet food? Are there any concerns with its inclusion?

A
55
Q

Animals can store excess amino acids.

A

False

56
Q

If you are feeding a high-quality protein source, less quantity is needed to meet an animal’s requirement.

A

True

57
Q

The chemical score method used to evaluate protein quality only accounts for the limiting amino acid and not all of the essential amino acids in the test protein.

A

True

58
Q

If you are evaluating protein quality using the biological value (BV) method, you must analyze the food, feces, and urine of animals for nitrogen.

A

True

59
Q

The net protein utilization (NPU) method for evaluating protein quality does not account for the digestibility of the protein.

A

False

60
Q

Cats can convert carotenoids to active vitamin A.

A

False

61
Q

Dogs and cats depend on dietary sources to meet their vitamin D requirement.

A

True

62
Q

Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant.

A

True

63
Q

Which vitamin is routinely administered in the treatment of rodenticide poisoning in pets?

A

Vitamin K

64
Q

Vitamin K3 (menadione) is synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine.

A

False

65
Q

Cats can synthesize enough niacin from tryptophan to meet their requirement.

A

False

66
Q

Consumption of raw egg whites can lead to a deficiency in which B vitamin?

A

Biotin

67
Q

Which vitamin contains cobalt?

A

Cobalamin

68
Q

Which vitamin can be spared by methionine?

A

Choline

69
Q

Which of the following is not a macromineral?

A

Iodine

70
Q

What are the 3 electrolytes?

A

sodium, potassium, and chloride

71
Q

Excess of this mineral has potential risk of struvite urolithiasis in cats.

A

Magnesium

72
Q

This mineral is required for synthesis of chondroitin sulfate.

A

Sulfur

73
Q

Sodium helps convert tyrosine to melanin.

A

False

74
Q

A deficiency or excess of this mineral can cause goiter.

A

Iodine

75
Q

Selenium protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.

A

True

76
Q

Vitamin B12 can provide adequate amounts of this mineral.

A

Cobalt

77
Q

Chromium deficiency can lead to diabetes.

A

True

78
Q

Dogs and cats enzymatically break down carbohydrates in the mouth

A

False

79
Q

Dogs have more premolars and molars compared to cats due to their more omnivorous nature.

A

True

80
Q

Why are cats classified as obligate carnivores in terms of nutrition?

A
81
Q

How have dogs evolved to be omnivores in nutrition?

A

Animal Nutrition Final (5 decks)

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