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Personality Cards > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Key concepts from Chapter 5-8 and lecture

1
Q

Personality Development

A

As the continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people over time and the ways in which people change over time.

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2
Q

Rank Order Stability

A

The maintenance of individual position within a group.

Ex. Even though between ages 14 and 20, people’s heights fluctuate, the rank order tend to remain fairly stable because it adds a few inches to everyone.

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3
Q

Mean Level Stability

A

When average level in a group remains the same over time. Another kind of personality stability is constancy in level.

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4
Q

Mean Level Change

A

If the average degree changes

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5
Q

Personality Coherence

A

Maintaining rank order in relation to other individuals but changing the manifestations of the trait.

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6
Q

Temperament

A

The individual differences that emerge very early in life, are likely to have a heritable basis and are often involved with emotionality and arousability.

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7
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

Examining the same group of individuals over time. Costly and difficult.

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8
Q

Actometer

A

A recording device attached to the wrists of the children during several play periods. Motoric movement activated the recording devices.

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9
Q

Stability Coefficients

A

The correlations between the same measures obtained at two different points in time.

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10
Q

Validity Coefficients

A

The correlations between different measures of the same trait obtained at the same time.

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11
Q

Self-Esteem

A

The extent to which one perceives oneself as relatively close to being the person one wants to be and/or as relatively distant from being the kind of person one does not want to be, with respect to person-qualities one positively and negatively values.

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12
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Whether changes observed are due to true personal change or other variants.

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13
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes an organism possesses.

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14
Q

Genetic junk

A

Many parts of the other 98% of the DnA in the human chromosomes

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15
Q

Eugenics

A

The notion that we can design the future of the human species by fostering the reproduction of persons with certain traits and by discouraging the reproduction of personas without those traits.

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16
Q

Percentage of variance

A

The fact that individuals vary, or are different from each other, and this variability can be partitioned into percentages that are due to different causes.

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17
Q

Heritability

A

To the proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be accounted for by genetic variance. Describes the degree to which genetic differences among individuals cause differences in an observed property.

18
Q

Phenotypic varience

A

Observed individual differences such as heights, weight, or personality

19
Q

Genotypic Variance

A

Individual differences in the total collection of genes possessed by each person.

20
Q

Environmentality

A

The percentage of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be attributed to environmental differences.

21
Q

Nature-Nuture Debate

A

The arguments about whether genes or environments are more important determinants of personality.

22
Q

Selective Breeding

A

By identifying the dogs that possess the desired characteristic and having them mate only with other dogs that also possess the characteristics.

23
Q

Family Studies

A

Correlate the degree of genetic relatedness among family members with the degree if personality similarity.

24
Q

Twin Studies

A

Estimate heritability by gauging whether identical twins who share 100% of their genes.

25
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Comes froma single fertilized egg which divides into two at some point during gestation.

26
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Come from two eggs that were separately fertilized.

27
Q

Equal Environments Assumptions

A

Assume that the environments experienced by identical twins are no more similar to each other than are the environments experienced by fraternal twins.

28
Q

Adoption Studies

A

One can examine the correlations between adopted children and their adoptive parents, with whom they share no genes.

29
Q

Selective Placement

A

If adopted children are placed with adoptive parents who are similar to their birth parents then this may inflate the correlations between the adopted children and their adoptive parents.

30
Q

Shared Environmental Influences

A

Ex. Number of books at home, presence/absence of TV, quality and quantity of food at home.

31
Q

Unshared Environmental Influences

A

Ex. Special treatment from parents, different groups of friends, etc.

32
Q

Genotype-Environment Interaction

A

The differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environments.

33
Q

Genotype-Environment Correlation

A

The differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments.

34
Q

Passive Genotype-Environment Correlation

A

When parents provide both genes and the environment to children, yet the children do nothing obtain that environment

35
Q

Relative Genotype-Environment Correlation

A

Occurs when parents (or others) respond to children differently, depending on the child’s genotypes.

36
Q

Active Genotype-Environment Correlation

A

When a person with a particular genotype creates or seeks out a particular environment.

37
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

Designed to identify the specific genes associated with personality traits.

38
Q

DRD4 Gene

A

Located on the short arm of chromosome 11. This gene codes for a protein called a dopamine receptor. The function of this dopamine receptor is to respond to the presence of dopamine.

39
Q

Environmentalist View

A

The notion that personality was determined by socialization practices, such as parenting styles.

40
Q

Lykken & Tellegen (1996)

A
41
Q

Waller, 1994

A

Individual differences in mate preferences- the qualities we desire in marriage partner - show very low heritabilities of roughly .10

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