Chapter

Question 1

What are well springs of psychic energy?

Answer 1

• For Freud, biological instincts. Influenced by Darwin
  Initial framework:
• Survival instinct (Darwin natural selection)
• Sexual instinct (Darwin sexual selection)

Later framework:
- Survival + sex = one thing = libido, life affirming energy.
- Need-satisfying and pleasure oriented

Thanatos
- Influenced by war-like nature of Germans during WW1 and WW2. Came to believe in a death instinct.
- This need to destroy, harm, aggress.

Libido and thanatos can be combined though opposite
- Eating/hunting

Question 2

Freuds architecture of mind

Answer 2

1) Id
- Most primitive part
- Unacceptable urges, wishes, desires
- Operates by pleasure principle (wants immediate gratification and of all wishes)
- Primary process thinking, associative without logic.

2) Ego
- Most advanced
- Operates in reality principle, behavior in manner and consistent with society
- Satisfy wishes in socially acceptable terms
- Secondary process thinking and logical/rational.

3) Superego
- Internalized societal values
- Unconscious “policeman” , “don’t” “can’t” “won’t”
- Can be unrealistic in moral standards and can cause guilt
- Primarily unconscious

Question 3

Motives are like dispositions

Answer 3

1. Taxonomy (Basic set)
2. Individual differences in each
3. Measureable
4. Like traits, predispose to act

Question 4

Henry Murray, Beginning of motive tradition

Answer 4

• Practicing physician
• MEt Jung, 3 weeks meetings
• “ emerged a reborn man.”
• Gave up surgery
• At Harvard until retirement.

Concept of need
- Readiness to respond in a particular way.
- Need hierarchy, it’s a characteristic strong motive.

Needs fluctuate
- Affected by internal state
- State of the envt
- Combo of push and pull

Question 5

nAch

Answer 5

-Desire
do better be successful, work hard

• Like challenges
  Do not like tasks that are too easy or difficult, rather one that tests and stretches skills.
• More successful entrepreneurial activity with a preference of innovation. yet in college, there isn’t a correlation with higher gpa, just more deliberation and involvement in academics.
• No sex difference
  But women gets expressed differently. –> More investment in appearance, dating, courtship.

Question 6

nPow

Answer 6

• Desire to impact other people
  More arguments, assertive group discussions, elected into political office, risk taking, prestige.

-No sex difference
Men tend to be more impulsive and aggressive in behavior, sexual conquest, and alcohol abuse yet women are less of this Don Juan pattern

-Politics
Under their leadership, country more likely to go to war under admin.

^ nPow = like the job
^ nAff = care about others

Question 7

nInt

Answer 7

• Readiness for warm relations with others
  More time thinking about relationships, more happy around people. Smile, laugh, and more eye contact. Starting up more conversations, writing more letters.

-Not extraverts
- Quality time with friends, not partying, rated more sincere and loving.

-Sex difference
Women were higher.

Question 8

nAff

Answer 8

-Kind of an alternative to nInt r=.32. Darker more needy approach.

-Affiliation arousal
Negative social feedback and unsuccessful pledges to frat

-Results:
more needy type of interactions.

Question 9

Drives

Answer 9

nAff = dopamine release
nPow = Norephinephrine release
- More primitive limbic structures

Question 10

Like Freud

Answer 10

• Motivation is often unconscious
  Lack of correlation
• Implicit motives have earlier basis
  Limbic system in development and pre-lang

-Many people will be conflicted
Pursuit of things they do not like

Question 11

Chapters 12 Lecture

Answer 11

1. Field dependence (independence)
2. MacLeod: Interpretation bias in anxiety
3. Accessible attitudes (Fazio)
   - & perception & behavior
   - & functionality

Question 12

Personality and Perception

Answer 12

• Perception is not determined
• Brain must fill certain facts
• Personality can play a role
• (e.g., TAT)

Question 13

Field Dependence

Answer 13

• Herman Witkins studied for 30 years
• Person through perception (1954)

Question 14

Embedded Figures Tests

Answer 14

• Larger picture, smaller hidden objects
• Field dependent
• Difficulty locating smaller objects
• Forest, not trees
• Field independence
• Easily locate smaller objects
• Trees, not forest

Question 15

Beck’s cognitive theory of anxiety

Answer 15

1. Anxiety and attention
   * anxious = attend to threatening info
   * God support
2. Anxiety and memory
   * Anxious = remember threatening info
   * Not good support
3. Anxiety and interpretation
   * Not much investigated
   * Probed implicitly, reading comprehension task
   * Easy to understand = fast RT yet confusion is slow RT

Question 16

To study anxiety

Answer 16

• Primes ambiguous
• “doctor examined little Emily’s growth”
• Targets
• ” Her height had changed little since the last visit.”
• “Her tumor had changed little since the last visit.”

Question 17

Hypotheses

Answer 17

-Anxious
* Threat interpretation
* If so, confused with non-threat continuation.

• Non-Anxious
• Non-threat interpretation, if so, confused with threat continuation.

Trait of anxious: +63
Trait of non-anxious: -75

Question 18

Conclusion to Hypothesis

Answer 18

1. The same sentences but effects of anxiety.
2. Anxious more likely to interpret ambiguous threats.
3. Causal to anxiety?
   (MacLeod: Attention training)

Question 19

Accessible Attitudes

Answer 19

States that some attitudes are stronger than others

• Strong attitudes
• Predict behavior better
• Have some general functionality

Question 20

Fazio & WIlliams (1986)

Answer 20

• Prior to 84 election, Reagan vs. Mondale
• “How do you feel about Reagan”, “..Mondale”
• Reaction times recorded
• Months later, DVS
  1. Perception of Reagan-Mondale debate
  2. Voting behavior