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personality cards > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Components aspects to emotion

A
  1. Subjective feeling
    - DR usually; other ways
  2. Body Changes
    - Facial Expression, EMR, HR, etc.
  3. Action Tendencies
    - Angry = yell at

However, most E researchers - SR feelings
Different E components - Largely uncorrelated

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2
Q

Emotions, Discrete or dimensional?

A

A discrete case by Ekman , 1992
- There are very distinct basic emotions. Yet each emotion is quite different.
Some emotions have prototypical elicitors and distinct action tendency.

A dimensional case by

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3
Q

Basic emotions: Which ones?

A
  • 6 basic emotions
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4
Q

Money, does it buy happiness?

A
  • Many people pursue, perceived importance
  • At levels of individuals, yes.
    Yes if you live in poorer countries and no if you are in modern societies
  • Historic Lens
    America has 2x more disposable income today compared to 1957. However, not higher in SWB.
  • Money like health
    Total absence of problem but given some presence, we don’t need more.
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5
Q

What about work?

A

It’s not just something to endure, but for many it is…

  • For many work is very rewarding
  • Focused attention, energy
  • Common goals (of employees)
  • Life meaning, larger than self
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6
Q

When is work pleasure?

A
  • When it provides optimal challenge
  • too little would = boredom
  • Too much = anxiety
  • Right amount = just right flow
  • Flow (Csikszentmihalyi)
  • Not self conscious
  • Aware, awake (vs. bored, sluggish)
  • “Caught up” in activity
  • Time flies

How often do you flow?

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7
Q

Flow findings/contention

A
  • Work
  • Seen as a Buden
  • Actually promotes flow
  • Leisure
  • Seen as pleasure

“Interesting work is more fun than fun.”

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8
Q

Faith

A
  • Religious people
  • Less drugs, divorce, suicide
  • In USA, religious people = more happy
  • Religion or spirituality?
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9
Q

Ma rtin Seligman

A
  • Follows on positive psychology
  • Diener (1984)
  • Ryff (1989)
  • Seligman (2000)
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10
Q

Positive interactions

A
  • Strength date
  • Gratitude
  • ## Have a wonderful day
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11
Q

Baumeister (1986)

A

History of self.

Why, what historical changes brought about self?

1) Social mobility
- Increased reflection of self

2) Adolescence,
- That transformation from child to adult, finding ones self.

3) Changes in religion
- Concerns of self’s salvation. Salvation determined individually. During the 17th and 18th century Age of Enlightenment.

4) Secular nature of society
- We are more secular. Which contributes to self creating sources of meaning, but also problems.

5) Relation between individual and society
- Back then, we used to be a cog in society. But now, we’ve become more self separable from larger whole

6) Focus on self actualization
- Each of us have our own pathway and make those decisions ourselves.

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12
Q

What causes self-Awareness?

A

1) Things that remind you of self (Wicklund)
- Own image, voice, and distinct manner.

2) When things are going wrong
- Mismatch between expectations and reality. Negative affects can lead to self-focus

3) More Choice
- More choice = more self awareness. Especially in important decisions. Options bring uncertainty

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13
Q

Why are we more self aware when things are going wrong?

A
  • Need to reassess self and its assumptions

-

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14
Q

self-awareness theory

A
  • Self does not always influence behaviors
  • Must become a focus of attention
  • Much of time, people not self aware
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15
Q

Two routes to behavior

A

Trade offs that produce behavior

1) Habit/Situational influence

2) Attitudes/Intentions

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16
Q

Wicklund (199)

A
  • When self is more aware, it contributes to behavior
17
Q

Carver (1975)

A

Punitiveness and Shock

18
Q

Gibbons (1978)

A
  • Sex guilt inventory (attitudes towards sex)
  • rate appeal to pornographic passage
  • Results:
  • More self aware (No mirror)
    Ratings not consistent with sex guilt scores
  • Self aware (Mirror)
    Rating consistent with sex guilt scores
19
Q

Diener and Wallbom (1976)

A
  • Most Americans are opposed to cheating
  • Results:
  • More self awareness reduce cheating.
  • Mirror present or not present acted as a manipulator on indicting self awareness. Not self aware people 71% worked beyond time. While mirror aware people worked 7% beyond time.
20
Q

Deinviduation

A
  • Extreme loss of self-awareness.
    Caused by fatigue, alcohol, institutional dress, distraction, and being around a lot of people.

Results
* people get caught in the “moment”
* Might do behaviors counter to attitudes, values
* ND students burn park benches, litter

Conclusion

  • Self does not always exert effect on behavior
  • Rather, does so when self is focus of attention
21
Q

Assortative Mating Hypothesis

A

People will gravitate toward mates similar to self in physical characteristics but it’s a by product of environment.

22
Q

Bo twin Studies

A

Assortative mating
- Self and preferred mate
There was a score in terms of E,A,C,N,O

  • Correlations consistently positive
    Extroverted self = want extravertiertere person
    Neutrotic self = want more neurotic
  • Women somehow have higher correlations…why?
23
Q

High Marital Satisifaction

A
  • Want High agreeableness, consciousness, and low neuroticism
24
Q

Machosvellianism

A
  • Machiavelli , the prince, 1513
    Book about social life. Depicts a diplomat; gaining and keeping interpersonal power. Had to ingratiate to a new ruler.
  • Christie & Geis (1970)
    Self report measure of Machicavelliism. Created a self report measure to assess people

People with high Mich are manipulative, cynical world view, treat others as pawns or tools, do not trust or feel empathy

People with low Mich are cooperative on strategy. Reciprocity.

25
Q

Self-Monitoring

A
  • Began with sunder 1944

Those with high levels ask according and monitor situations. With low do not manitou but did not follow situation

26
Q

Narcissism and Aggression (Bushman 1998)

A

-Conventonal View
Aggression, violence, many social problems, caused by low self esteem

27
Q

Sex, Gender, & Personality

A
  • Sex differences in personality
  • Explanations for sex differences
  • Implicit sex differences
28
Q

History of sex differences

A
  • Not much treatment prior to 1973
  • In 1974, Maccoby published book on sex differences
  • Men slightly better at spatial ability tasks
  • Women slightly better at verbal ability tasks
  • Men are definitely more aggressive
29
Q

Subsequent to 1974

A
  • Increased call for both sexes in both studies
  • In 1992, federal government grants require both sexes of participants in nearly all studies
  • Authors often required to analyze for sex differences
30
Q

Sex differences

A
  1. Can men throw a ball further?
    * Huge sex difference
    * D = 2.00
  2. Does one sex do better in grades?
    * No
    * D. = -.04
  3. Are women better at verbal ability tasks?
    * Yes, but difference is small D= -.11
  4. Are men better at math?
    * Yes, but difference is small. D = +.15
31
Q

Sex diffs in early-appearing personality

A

Called “Temperament”

1) Inhibitory control
* Younger girls are better at this, controlling inappropriate responses d= -.41

2) Perceptual sensitivity
* Younger girls are better at this, the ability to be aware of low intensity stimuli. d= -.38

3) Surgency
* Related to approach, high activity, impulsivity
* Boys are higher d= +.38

4) Negative affectivity
* Feelings, display of distress, and sadness
* No sex differences in children

32
Q

Boys

A
  • Impulsivitiy
    • lack of inhibitory control
  • More rambunctious and more discipline issues
33
Q

Extraversion Sex differences

A
  • Women are more higher in gregariousness but men are higher in activity level.
  • Biggest difference is that on assertiveness
34
Q

Agreeableness Sex differences

A
  • Small differences, women a little more agreeable overall at d= -.32
  • Women scoring higher in trust, tender-mindedness, and tend to smile more than men.
  • Men tend to be more aggressive d= +.6. Antagonistic
  • Men commit like 90% of homicides
35
Q

Other big 5

A
  • Consciousness
  • Not much here
  • Neuroticism
  • yes, d= -.49 , women are higher.
36
Q

Sexuality

A
  • Large differences in attitude to causal sex, d= +.81. Men are more interested. They also indicate more desired lifetime partners d= +.87
37
Q

Vocational Interests: People or things

A
  • Things
  • Machines, tools
  • Carpenters, contractors, farmers, physicists.

People
* High school teacher
* Social workers
* Religious counselor

  • Sex difference, d= +1.35
38
Q

Depression sex differences

A
  • At puberty
  • Sex diffs start to emerge
  • Puberty seems much tougher on girls than boys
  • Diagnosis frequency of major depression
  • 10% lifetime incidence among men
  • 25% lifetime incidence among women

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