Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the endocrine glands?
Hypothalamus,pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads
What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
Oxytocin, ADH
What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
ACTH,TSH,GH,PRL,FSH,LH,MSH,ADH
What hormones does the thyroid secrete?
T3 and T4
Triiodothyronine and thyroxine
What hormone(s ) does the parathyroid glands secrete?
PTH, parathyroid hormone
What hormones does the pancreas secrete?
Insulin and glucagon
What are the gonads?
Ovaries and testes
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Progesterone and estrogen
What hormone/ hormones do the testes produce?
Testosterone
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
Regulation to maintain homeostasis based on the active cues given by the body. It will shut on and off the different compensations based on a live feedback mechanism
What is a positive feedback mechanism ?
A response amplified until the desired effect is achieved, i.e. childbirth and hormones
S/s of hypopitiuitarism-
Low TSH and ACTH=life threatening!
Weight gain, cold intolerance, slow cognition, decreased bone density, decreased muscle strength,Anorexia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia,hypotension,amenorrhea, breast atrophy,
S/s of hyperpituitarism
Headache, visual disturbances, acromegaly, HTN, heat intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia,hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, Paresthesia
S/s of hyperthyroidism
Heat intolerance, hunger, weight loss, thirst, diarrhea, tachycardia,Facial flushing, muscle wasting, tremors, exopthalmos, Graves’ disease , thyroid storm
S/s hypothyroidism
Hair loss, apathy, lethargy, dry skin, constipation, slow speech, anorexia, brittle hair and nails,bradycardia, decreased activity intolerance, weight gain, poor wound healing
S/s thyroiditis
sudden pain and tenderness on one side of neck,malaise, fever, enlarged or goiter,dysphagia
S/s thyroid cancer
Voice=hoarse, dyspnea, dysphagia,SOB
S/s of hyperparathyroidism
Osteoporosis, renal calculi, polyuria, abd pain, constipation, HTN, flaccid muscles, bone and joint pain, N/V, weakness
S/s of hypoparathyroidism
Paresthesias of nose, fingertips, toes, and lips; muscle twitching/spasms, diarrhea, abd cramping, painful menses, fatigue , memory loss, headaches
Risks for hypopituitarism
Dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, electrolyte imbalances,hypothyroidism
Risks for hyperpituitarism
Gigantism, acromegaly, syndrome of inappropriate ADH, hyperprolactinemia,Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism
Risks for acromegaly
CHF, HTN, Liver failure, increased ICP
Risks for Cushing’s syndrome
Obesity, slow wound healing (infection), fractures (osteoporosis) and falls
Risks for hyperthyroidism
Thyroid storm/thyrotoxicosis, extreme weight loss and malnutrition despite increased appetite,HTN, exopthalmos and vision changes
Risks for hypothyroidism
Myxedema coma, obesity, constipation-bowel obstruction, bradycardia, hypotension (orthostatic), activity intolerance (falls) poor wound healing (infection), confusion and impaired memory
Risks for thyroiditis
Hypo/hyperparathyroidism, hypo/hyperthyroidism
Risks for hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, fractures, osteoporosis, falls,kidney stones
Risks for hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, paresthesias, muscle cramps, thickened bones
Risks for Grave’s disease
Infection (autoimmune/immunodeficiency), exopthalmos with visions changes-falls, pretibial myxedema, weeping, infection, falls, wounds
What is grave’s disease
Most common form of hyperthyroidism; autoimmune destruction of thyroid tissues, hyperthyroid s/s with exopthalmos and pretibial myxedema
Risks for thyroid storm
Death
What is thyroid storm
Acute crisis, medical emergency
S/s:pyrexia, tachycardia, delirium
Risks for hypothyroidism
Severe weight loss, ischemia, hypoxia, hypothermia,myxedema coma
Risks for myxedema coma
Shock, organ damage, death
What is myxedema coma
Hypothyroid emergency;
Decreased cardiopulmonary and neurological function; heart muscle becomes flabby and decreased cardiac output and perfusion
Risks for thyroiditis
Respiratory distress, airway compromised
Assessment findings for hypopituitarism for low ACTH
Salt craving, dehydration, hypoglycemia,anorexia , lethargy, hypotension.
Assessment findings for hypopituitarism For low TSH
Cold intolerance, weight gain, slow cognition
Assessment findings for hypopituitarism For low GH
Decreased bone density and muscle strength (adults)
Short stature (children)
Assessment findings for hypopituitarism For low PRL
No milk release/production
Assessment findings for hypopituitarism For FSH and LH
Decreased bone mass, muscle mass, and facial/body hair (males)
Decreased bone and muscle mass, amenorrhea, breast atrophy (women)
Assessment findings for hypopituitarism For low MSH
Low melanin- burns, lack of pigment…
Assessment findings for hypopituitarism For low ADH
Edema, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances (hyponatremia, hyperkalemia), hypotension, dehydration, confusion,polyuria
Assessment findings for hyperpituitarism for high ACTH
Cushing’s syndrome (Striations/purple stretch marks, easy bruising, buffalo hump, trunk obesity, poor wound healing), hyperglycemia, weight gain, high cortisol levels, hypernatremia,HTN,
Assessment findings for hyperpituitarism For high TSH
Heat intolerance, diarrhea, excessive weight loss, polyphagia, flight of ideas/racing cognition, tremors, tachycardia, dehydration, thirst
Assessment findings for hyperpituitarism For high GH
Headache, acromegaly (slanted forehead, protruding jaw, HTN, CHF, large tongue, hands, feet, face, coarse voice, organomegaly, thickened lips, increased ICP)
Assessment findings for hyperpituitarism For high ADH
Urinary retention, hypernatremia, Hypokalemia, hypermagnesemia
Assessment findings for acromegaly
Courage facial features, protruding lower jaw, slanting forehead, hypertrophy of tongue, organs, and skin, thickened lips, vision and voice changes, joint pain, large hands and feet
Assessment findings for Cushing’s syndrome
Purple striae/stretch marks, easy bruising, “Apple body” and buffalo hump, poor wound healing, thirst
Assessment findings for grave’s disease
Exopthalmos and pretibial myxedema, increased T3 and T4 decreased TSH
Assessment findings for thyroid storm
Pyrexia, HTN, and
Assessment findings for hyperthyroidism
Increased T3 and T4 And decreased TSH
Assessment findings for hypothyroidism
Increased TSH and decreased T3 and T4
Nursing care for hyperthyroidism
decrease stimulus, lights, sound, monitor BP HR RR, temp Q 4 hr, rest, cluster care
Nursing care for thyroid storm
supportive care: IV fluids , Beta blockers
Nursing care for hypothyroidism
Monitor HR, RR, weight gain, safety precautions
Nursing care for myxedema
Monitor Resp and Cardiac function, VS
Tx for hyperparathyroïdism
Calcimometic drug class, binds to calcium and decreases levels
Tx for hypoparathyroidism
IV calcium Gluconate (severe), oral calcitrol or calcium carbonate and oral vitamin D
Medications for hypopituitarism
Synthroid or levothyroxine-thyroid, somatotropin- GH
Medications for hyperpituitarism
Meds for acromegaly
Medications for acromegaly
Dopamine agonists; bromocriptine yesylate, cabergoline
A/e: CP, dizziness, watery nasal drainage=CSF leak!!
Somatostatin analogs- ocreotide, lanreotide
GH receptor blockers- pegvisomant
What are the dopamine agonists and what are they for?
Bromocriptine messy late, cabergoline; tx for acromegaly
A/e for dopamine agonists
CP, dizziness, watery nasal drainage=CSF leak!
what are the somatostatin analogs and what are they used for?
Ocreotide, lanreotide; tx for acromegaly
What is the GH receptor blocker drug and what is it used for?
Pegvisomat, tx for acromegaly
How do dopamine agonists work?
Inhibit growth hormone
How do somatostatin analogs work?
Inhibit GH
Medications for hyperthyroidism
Beta blockers, iodine agent, methynisole, PTU—> thyonomides
Medications for myxedema coma
Hormone therapy IV and IV fluids
Medications for thyroid cancer
Chemo and radiation
