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A&P 1 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between RNA and DNA

A
  1. ribose sugar
    - RNA has ribonucleic acid; has an extra oxygen
    - DNA has deoxygenated ribonucleic acid
  2. T and U
    - T is for DNA only (thymidine)
    - U is for RNA only (uracyl)
  3. strand
    - RNA is a single strand
    - DNA is a double strand
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2
Q

DNA structure and function

A

dna
- replication
- semiconservative
- dna polymerase
rna
- transcription
- messenger (mRNA)
- rna polymerase
- translation

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA is protected by wrapping around histone proteins. these two together are called chromatin

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4
Q

euchromatin

A
  • space in chromatin association; when genes are active (gene-rich)
  • dispersed appearance
  • unique DNA sequence
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5
Q

heterochromatin

A
  • tightly coiled chromatin; inactive genes (gene-poor)
  • condensed appearance
  • repetitive DNA sequence
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6
Q

chromosome

A
  • orange colored region indicated heterochromatin and are nonactive
  • the blue parts are euchromatin and active
  • there is telomeres on top and bottom and a centromere in the middle
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7
Q

dna sense to rna

A

A=U
C=G
G=C
T=A

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8
Q

letters B and C on video on canvas & tissues through connective

A
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9
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • 3 types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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10
Q

muscle tissue function

A

shorten and produce movement

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11
Q

where are each of the types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal: attached to bone, cross a joint (where 2 bones meet)
smooth: found in walls of almost all organs
cardiac: found in heart

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12
Q

function of nervous tissue

A

rapidly transmit information

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13
Q

what are the two parts of nervous tissue

A

neurons and glia

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14
Q

neurons

A

electrically excited; gated channels

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15
Q

glia

A

not excitable; supports neurons; soak up extracellular K+

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16
Q

what are the 3 layers of the integumentary system

A

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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17
Q

epidermis function

A

barrier for water loss*
(immunity, water loss, UV radiation, Vitamin D) and excretion (water, urea)

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18
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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19
Q

stratum basale cells

A
  • melanocytes (melanin)
  • keratinocytes (mitosis -> other layers; produce vitamin D - waterproofs the skin)
  • merkels disks (touch receptors)
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20
Q

stratum spinosum cells

A

dendritic (immune system; prevents infection)

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21
Q

stratum granulosum

A

keratin is activated in this layer; waterproof

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22
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thick skin only (soles of feet)

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23
Q

stratum corneum

A

dead skin

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24
Q

epidermal derivative - hair purposes

A
  • body hair: heat retention
  • scalp hair: heat retention
  • pubic hair: sexual maturity
  • guard hairs: guard openings (eyelashes)
  • eyebrows: nonverbal communication/facial expressions
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25
Q

epidermal derivatives - nails

A

almost pure keratin; for protection

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26
Q

Dermis functions

A
  • protection (collagen)
  • thermoregulation
  • blood supply
  • sensation
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27
Q

dermis proteins

A
  • collagen
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
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28
Q

dermis cells

A

fibroblasts

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29
Q

dermal papillae

A

finger prints

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30
Q

dermis layers

A
  • papillary layer: top layer
  • reticular layer: most of the dermis
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31
Q

hypodermis functions

A
  • protection
  • energy storage
  • thermoregulation
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32
Q

skin pigmentation

A
  • melanin: brown protein produced by melanocytes
  • hemoglobin: found in red blood cells; blood is found in the dermis; related to blood flow (how the body regulated body temp and emotion aka blushing)
  • carotene: fat soluble; from red, yellow, or orange fruit or veggies
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33
Q

cutaneous glands

A
  • sweat glands:
    -> apocrine: activated by sex hormones a d found in pubic region and arm pits
    -> merocrine: produce sweat - body temp regulation
  • sebaceous glands: hair follicles - oil, keeps hair healthy & shiny; depletes with age
  • ceruminous glands: ear wax - no function
  • mammary glands: sensitive to prolactin - produces breast milk
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34
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • most common
  • epidermis
  • keratinocytes in stratum basale
  • spreads last amount
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35
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • same as basal cell
  • less common
  • upper layers of skin
  • worse prognosis
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36
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • melanocytes
  • least common
  • poorest prognosis
  • starts as mole, usually then changes
  • increases risk with UV exposure
37
Q

birthmark

A

from blood vessel formation in dermis

38
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune disease attacking melanocytes

39
Q

moles vs freckles

A

both from melanocyte activity but moles are genetic and from birth, freckles are due to UV exposure

40
Q

composition of bone

A
  • organic components
    • calcium 39%*
    • potassium 0.2%
    • sodium 0.7%
    • magnesium 0.5%
    • carbonate 9.8%
    • phosphate 17%
  • inorganic components 67% (or 2/3)*
41
Q

long bone

A
  • levers
  • lot of motion, only 1 plane
  • humerus of arm
42
Q

short bones

A
  • limited range of motion
  • many planes of movement
  • carpails of wrist
43
Q

flat bone

A
  • muscle attachment (ribs)
  • protection (skull)
44
Q

irregular bone

A
  • everything else
  • different shapes and functions
45
Q

axial

A

skull, ribs, vertebrae, hips, protects muscle attachments

46
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • decreases bone*
  • PTH*
  • erode existing matrix
  • higher blood Ca2+*
  • come from red bone marrow
  • digest collagen and release Ca2+ at acidic pH
47
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • builds bone*
  • calcitonin (thyroid)*
  • lower blood Ca2+*
  • produces collagen
  • produces Ca2+ at basic pH
48
Q

removing the thyroid requires what

A

calcitonin supplements

49
Q

osteocyte

A

monitor tension (activity of osteoblasts)

50
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A
  • CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3
  • activated by calcitonin* (osteoblasts) and inactivated by PTH (osteoclasts)
  • PTH gets activated first, calcitonin second with carbonic anhydrase activated last
51
Q

bone remodeling

A

changes the thickness of the bone because of tension

52
Q

look over the image of basic multicellular unit on page 10 of bone tissue

A

OK!

53
Q

matrix

A

inorganic (minerals in bone)
- hydroxyapatite (what most Ca2+ turns into)
- function: resist compression (makes bone hard)*
- calcium carbonate (buffer if blood pH is off)*
- other like heavy metals
organic (proteins)
- collagen
- function: resists stretching

54
Q

compact bone

A

gives bone strength
- osteon

55
Q

spongy bone

A
  • less strength
  • decreases weight of bone
  • space for red bone marrow
56
Q

ossification

A

formation of bone

57
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

forms first (skull bone)

58
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • happens second
  • forms bone from hyaline cartilage
59
Q

interstitial growth

A

makes bones longer

60
Q

appositional growth

A

makes bones wider

61
Q

calcium homeostasis

A

calcitriol: (vitamin D - skina nd UV radionation produce vitamin d and raise Ca2+)
- increase calcium and phosphate absorption
- decrease urinary loss of calcium and phosphate
calcitonin ( activation osteoblast; lowers blood Ca2+)
- decreases osteoblast activity
parathyroid hormone (PTH; activate osteoclast and raise blood Ca2+)
IGF-1
- increase osteoblast number and activity

62
Q

hypocalcemia

A

low blood Ca2+ levels

63
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high blood Ca2+ levels

64
Q

axial skeleton

A

function: protection (CNS, organs of ventral body cavity), attachment (muscles, appendicular skeleton), respiratory movements

65
Q

skull (axial)

A
  • support (facial structures; irregular bones)
  • protection of the brain*; flat bones
66
Q

vertebral column (irregular bones) functions

A
  • supports skull
  • protects spinal cord
  • attachment of ribs and torso muscles
67
Q

thoracic cage

A
  • respiration of ribs (flat bones)
  • support/attachment (upper limb -> pectoral girdle; torso muscles)
  • protection of heart and lungs (chest no abdomen)
68
Q

pectoral girdle

A

ball-and-socket joint (large range of motion)

69
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • upper limbs (grasping/manipulating objects; pectoral girdle)
  • lower limbs (locomotion; pelvic girdle)
70
Q

pelvic girdle

A

ball-and-socket joint (limited range of motion)

71
Q

joint

A

anywhere when 2 bones meet

72
Q

joint classification - structural

A

fibrous (connected by protein fibers)
- fibrous connective tissues (length of fibers is directly proportional to the range of movement
- strongest joint
cartilaginous
- hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
synovial
- joint capsule
- weakest joint with largest movement

73
Q

fibrous joint

A

suture
- no movement
- found in skull
syndesmosis
- formed by connection 2 long bones together (forearm,leg)
- slight movement
gomphosis
- joint between teeth and jaw
- no movement

74
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

epiphyseal plate
- made of hyaline cartilage
symphysis
- fibrocartilage

75
Q

synovial joint

A

has a space filled with synovial fluid, giving a great range of motion

76
Q

joint classification - functional

A

synarthrosis
- immobile (no movement)
amphiarthrosis
- limited mobility (some movement)
diarthrosis
- freely mobile (lots of range of motion)

77
Q

tendonitis

A

issue with tendon

78
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa, can be treated with rest

79
Q

arthritis

A

damage/destruction of cartilage

80
Q

gene

A

dna

81
Q

transcription

A

dna copied to rna

82
Q

translation

A

when rna is used to produce protein

83
Q

protein synthesis

A

process of cells making proteins

84
Q

gastrulation

A

2 weeks post fertilization; formation of 3 embryonic tissues - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

85
Q

what order do the embryonic tissues form (and location)

A

endoderm (lining of inside of organs), mesoderm (muscles and connective tissue), ectoderm (epidermis and similar structures)

86
Q

epithelial tissues (comp and cont w/ connective)

A

-charactersitics: cellularity (mitosis - sometimes leads to carcinoma; tight junctions), basement membrane (polarity), poor blood supply, from ecto or endoderm
- functions: protection & regulate entry and exit of materials into and out of blood
- classification: number of cells, shape of cells of outermost layer

87
Q

simple vs stratified epithelium

A

simple has one layer of tissue stratified has many

88
Q

connective tissue (comp and cont w/ epithelial)

A
  • characteristics: cells separated by matrix (proteins, ground substances), derived from mesoderm, low rates of mitosis (less risk of cancer - sarcoma), cells lack polarity, cells less mobile, excellent blood supply (provide blood/nourishment to epithelial tissue), located below epithelial tissue
  • functions: connection, storage, transport, support/protection, immunity
  • cells: fibroblasts
  • fibroblasts create protein fibers: collagen (resist stretching usually in one direction), reticular fibers (storage), elastic fiber (made to stretch and return to original shape)
  • ground substance:

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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