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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of the structure of things
- gross: anything visible to ur eye

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2
Q

physiology

A

function of an object
- structure of something determines its function

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3
Q

scientific method

A
  1. accumulated data (knowledgable)
  2. hypothesis (educated guess -> measurable)
  3. experiment (direct, inverse, no relationship)
  4. observations = data (measurements)
  5. accept or reject hypothesis (keep one and reject the others)
  6. publication (independent verification; someone else’s experiment based off yours)
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4
Q

hypothesis

A

based on 1 experiment

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5
Q

theory

A

tested thousands of times

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6
Q

law

A

based on millions of experiments

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7
Q

deductive reasoning

A

opposite of induction (broad to simple)

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8
Q

inductive reasoning

A

start small (simple statement) end with large (broad statement)

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9
Q

characteristics of life: responsiveness

A

indicates that the organism recognizes changes in its internal and external environment; required for adaptability

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10
Q

characteristics of life: adaptability

A

changes the organisms behavior, capabilities, or structure; required for survival in a constantly changing world

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11
Q

characteristics of life: growth and reproduction

A

indicate that the organism is successful, growth must occur before reproduction; organisms that do not respond or do not adapt will not grow and cannot reproduce

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12
Q

movement

A

distributes materials throughout large organisms, changes orientation or position of a plant or immobile animal, moves mobile animals around the environment (locomotion); animals show locomotion at some point in their lives

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13
Q

respiration

A

usually refers to the absorption and utilization of oxygen, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide; oxygen is required for chemical processes that release energy in a usable form, carbon dioxide is released as a waste product

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14
Q

circulation

A

movement of fluid within the organism, may involve a pump and a network of special vessels; the circulation provides an internal distribution network

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15
Q

digestion

A

the chemical breakdown of complex materials for absorption and use by the organism; the chemicals released can be used to generate energy or to support growth

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16
Q

excretion

A

the elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism; the waste products are often toxic, so their removal is essential

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17
Q

characteristic of life

A
  • responsiveness
  • adaptability
  • growth and reproduction
  • movement
  • respiration
  • circulation
  • digestion
  • excretion
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18
Q

levels of organization

A
  • atoms
  • molecules
  • cells
  • tissues
  • organ
  • organ systems
  • individual
  • population
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19
Q

atoms

A

basic building block of all matter

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20
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms

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21
Q

cells

A

basic unit of life

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22
Q

tissues

A

2 or more cells, usually of similar origin

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23
Q

organs

A

2 or more tissues with common function

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24
Q

organ systems

A

2 or more organs

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25
individual
single person
26
population
2 or more individuals of the same species
27
steady state
maximum energy use and minimum entropy
28
equillibirum
minimum energy use and maximum entropy
29
entropy
measure of disorganization; spontaneous; inverse relationship
30
metabolism
use energy
31
reproduction
asexual: reproduction @ cell level; identical sexual: reproduction @ level of individual; similar
32
evolution
happens @ population level; changes in the gene pool a population
33
homeostasis
maintenance of constant internal conditions in spite of changing external condition
34
negative feedback
decrease stimulus
35
positive feedback
increase stimulus; uncommon and short lived
36
feedback
3 parts: receptor, effector, control center
37
control center
1. set point: desired condition 2. integration
38
integration
comparison: - input = set point -> no response - input =/ set point -> response
39
stimulus
any change in the environment
40
latent period
time from stimulus to response
41
feedback gain
effectiveness of control system to maintain constant conditions
42
feedforward regulation
occurs before stimulus, anticipates change in stimulus, learning (have to learn before feedforward)
43
exergonic = released energy
exothermic release heat
44
endergonic = absorbed energy
endothermic absorbs heat
45
catabolism
breakdown
46
anabolism
synthesis/buildup
47
free energy
available to do work
48
chemical reaction we need to know:
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
49
reactants =
complex
50
products
simple
51
synthesis
a + b ---> ab
52
decomposition
ab ---> a + b
53
single replacement
ab + c ---> ac + b
54
double replacement
ab + cd ---> ac + bd
55
acid
increase hydrogen ions
56
base
decrease hydrogen ions
57
salts
no hydrogen ions
58
buffer
stabilizes pH
59
enzymes
help speed up processes of chemical reactions
60
endergonic reaction
- positive change in G - negative entropy - non spontaneous - endothermic
61
exergonic reaction
- negative change in G - positive entropy - spontaneous - exothermic
62
neutral pH
7
63
acid
less than 7
64
base
more than 7
65
cohesion
- sticks to itself - creates surface tension
66
heat capacity
ability to hold a lot of heat
67
latent heat
amount of heat absorbed or released when water changes state
68
normal blood pH
7.35-7.45 - less=acidosis - more=alkalosis
69
permeability
measure of how easy something moves across a membrane
70
cell and capillary membrane are
semipermeable
71
cell
basic unit of life
72
cells only come from
preexisting cells - all cells share the same DNA (zygote)
73
phospholipid bilayer
- proteins -> integral; peripheral - glycoproteins
74
integral
go through one membrane from one side to another
75
peripheral
just on one side
76
receptor
- convert outside signal to inside response - only respond to one type of signal/ligand
77
ligand specificity -> binding site
signal; usually a chemical
78
affinity
strength of binding; stickiness
79
saturation
100% full
80
competition
block response
81
competitive inhibitor
occupy the binding site (affinity)
82
noncompetitive inhibitor
changes the shape of the binding site (strength)
83
up regulation
more receptors
84
down regulation
less receptors
85
enzymes
- increase rate, not direction of spontaneous reactions
86
filtration
pushing small particles across based on pressure
87
passive transport
requires no energy; spontaneous; simple/facilitated diffusion
88
simple diffusion
osmosis; movement due to random thermal motion
89
osmosis
diffusion of water
90
ions require ____ to go through through membranes
Chanels (channel is protein that makes a hole)
91
leakage
gate that is always open
92
gated
opens and closes
93
facilitated diffusion
things moving down hill
94
protein carrier
help move through membrane
95
hypertonic
has more particles in it
96
hypotonic
has fewer particles in it
97
isotonic
same number of particles on both sides of membrane
98
hypertonic will always goes towards the ____ particles
more
99
active transport
move from low to high (uphill; requires energy and a protein carrier) -cell volume; does it swell or shrink when water comes/goes -heat: changes slightly -membrane potential: electrical difference across the membrane -secondary active transport: dependent on diffusion of sodium
100
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
-smooth: synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes and steroids -rough: protein for export
101
ribosome
important for protein synthesis aka makes proteins
102
Golgi complex
modifies proteins before they leave the cell; makes lysosomes
103
lysosomes
digestion; digests things
104
cell turnover
removal of old molecules
105
peroxisomes
digest fat --> H2O2
106
mitochondria
oxidative phsphoralation - ATP: high energy - mDNA: from mother
107
centrioles
important in cell division; split when cell divides
108
mitosis vs meiosis
mitosis: - asexual cell division - diploid - identical meiosis: - sexual cell division (2 process) - haploid - similar
109
cell cycle
1. M: nuclear division 2. G1: normal cell activity 3. S phase: when all DNA is copied 4. G2: rest of call copied
110
stages of meiosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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