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A&P 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of the structure of things
- gross: anything visible to ur eye

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2
Q

physiology

A

function of an object
- structure of something determines its function

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3
Q

scientific method

A
  1. accumulated data (knowledgable)
  2. hypothesis (educated guess -> measurable)
  3. experiment (direct, inverse, no relationship)
  4. observations = data (measurements)
  5. accept or reject hypothesis (keep one and reject the others)
  6. publication (independent verification; someone else’s experiment based off yours)
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4
Q

hypothesis

A

based on 1 experiment

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5
Q

theory

A

tested thousands of times

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6
Q

law

A

based on millions of experiments

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7
Q

deductive reasoning

A

opposite of induction (broad to simple)

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8
Q

inductive reasoning

A

start small (simple statement) end with large (broad statement)

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9
Q

characteristics of life: responsiveness

A

indicates that the organism recognizes changes in its internal and external environment; required for adaptability

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10
Q

characteristics of life: adaptability

A

changes the organisms behavior, capabilities, or structure; required for survival in a constantly changing world

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11
Q

characteristics of life: growth and reproduction

A

indicate that the organism is successful, growth must occur before reproduction; organisms that do not respond or do not adapt will not grow and cannot reproduce

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12
Q

movement

A

distributes materials throughout large organisms, changes orientation or position of a plant or immobile animal, moves mobile animals around the environment (locomotion); animals show locomotion at some point in their lives

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13
Q

respiration

A

usually refers to the absorption and utilization of oxygen, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide; oxygen is required for chemical processes that release energy in a usable form, carbon dioxide is released as a waste product

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14
Q

circulation

A

movement of fluid within the organism, may involve a pump and a network of special vessels; the circulation provides an internal distribution network

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15
Q

digestion

A

the chemical breakdown of complex materials for absorption and use by the organism; the chemicals released can be used to generate energy or to support growth

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16
Q

excretion

A

the elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism; the waste products are often toxic, so their removal is essential

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17
Q

characteristic of life

A
  • responsiveness
  • adaptability
  • growth and reproduction
  • movement
  • respiration
  • circulation
  • digestion
  • excretion
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18
Q

levels of organization

A
  • atoms
  • molecules
  • cells
  • tissues
  • organ
  • organ systems
  • individual
  • population
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19
Q

atoms

A

basic building block of all matter

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20
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms

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21
Q

cells

A

basic unit of life

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22
Q

tissues

A

2 or more cells, usually of similar origin

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23
Q

organs

A

2 or more tissues with common function

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24
Q

organ systems

A

2 or more organs

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25
Q

individual

A

single person

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26
Q

population

A

2 or more individuals of the same species

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27
Q

steady state

A

maximum energy use and minimum entropy

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28
Q

equillibirum

A

minimum energy use and maximum entropy

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29
Q

entropy

A

measure of disorganization; spontaneous; inverse relationship

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30
Q

metabolism

A

use energy

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31
Q

reproduction

A

asexual: reproduction @ cell level; identical
sexual: reproduction @ level of individual; similar

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32
Q

evolution

A

happens @ population level; changes in the gene pool a population

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33
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal conditions in spite of changing external condition

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34
Q

negative feedback

A

decrease stimulus

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35
Q

positive feedback

A

increase stimulus; uncommon and short lived

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36
Q

feedback

A

3 parts: receptor, effector, control center

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37
Q

control center

A
  1. set point: desired condition
  2. integration
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38
Q

integration

A

comparison:
- input = set point -> no response
- input =/ set point -> response

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39
Q

stimulus

A

any change in the environment

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40
Q

latent period

A

time from stimulus to response

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41
Q

feedback gain

A

effectiveness of control system to maintain constant conditions

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42
Q

feedforward regulation

A

occurs before stimulus, anticipates change in stimulus, learning (have to learn before feedforward)

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43
Q

exergonic = released energy

A

exothermic release heat

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44
Q

endergonic = absorbed energy

A

endothermic absorbs heat

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45
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown

46
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis/buildup

47
Q

free energy

A

available to do work

48
Q

chemical reaction we need to know:

A

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) –> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

49
Q

reactants =

A

complex

50
Q

products

A

simple

51
Q

synthesis

A

a + b —> ab

52
Q

decomposition

A

ab —> a + b

53
Q

single replacement

A

ab + c —> ac + b

54
Q

double replacement

A

ab + cd —> ac + bd

55
Q

acid

A

increase hydrogen ions

56
Q

base

A

decrease hydrogen ions

57
Q

salts

A

no hydrogen ions

58
Q

buffer

A

stabilizes pH

59
Q

enzymes

A

help speed up processes of chemical reactions

60
Q

endergonic reaction

A
  • positive change in G
  • negative entropy
  • non spontaneous
  • endothermic
61
Q

exergonic reaction

A
  • negative change in G
  • positive entropy
  • spontaneous
  • exothermic
62
Q

neutral pH

A

7

63
Q

acid

A

less than 7

64
Q

base

A

more than 7

65
Q

cohesion

A
  • sticks to itself
  • creates surface tension
66
Q

heat capacity

A

ability to hold a lot of heat

67
Q

latent heat

A

amount of heat absorbed or released when water changes state

68
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45
- less=acidosis
- more=alkalosis

69
Q

permeability

A

measure of how easy something moves across a membrane

70
Q

cell and capillary membrane are

A

semipermeable

71
Q

cell

A

basic unit of life

72
Q

cells only come from

A

preexisting cells
- all cells share the same DNA (zygote)

73
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A
  • proteins -> integral; peripheral
  • glycoproteins
74
Q

integral

A

go through one membrane from one side to another

75
Q

peripheral

A

just on one side

76
Q

receptor

A
  • convert outside signal to inside response
  • only respond to one type of signal/ligand
77
Q

ligand specificity -> binding site

A

signal; usually a chemical

78
Q

affinity

A

strength of binding; stickiness

79
Q

saturation

A

100% full

80
Q

competition

A

block response

81
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

occupy the binding site (affinity)

82
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

changes the shape of the binding site (strength)

83
Q

up regulation

A

more receptors

84
Q

down regulation

A

less receptors

85
Q

enzymes

A
  • increase rate, not direction of spontaneous reactions
86
Q

filtration

A

pushing small particles across based on pressure

87
Q

passive transport

A

requires no energy; spontaneous; simple/facilitated diffusion

88
Q

simple diffusion

A

osmosis; movement due to random thermal motion

89
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water

90
Q

ions require ____ to go through through membranes

A

Chanels (channel is protein that makes a hole)

91
Q

leakage

A

gate that is always open

92
Q

gated

A

opens and closes

93
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

things moving down hill

94
Q

protein carrier

A

help move through membrane

95
Q

hypertonic

A

has more particles in it

96
Q

hypotonic

A

has fewer particles in it

97
Q

isotonic

A

same number of particles on both sides of membrane

98
Q

hypertonic will always goes towards the ____ particles

A

more

99
Q

active transport

A

move from low to high (uphill; requires energy and a protein carrier)
-cell volume; does it swell or shrink when water comes/goes
-heat: changes slightly
-membrane potential: electrical difference across the membrane
-secondary active transport: dependent on diffusion of sodium

100
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)

A

-smooth: synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes and steroids
-rough: protein for export

101
Q

ribosome

A

important for protein synthesis aka makes proteins

102
Q

Golgi complex

A

modifies proteins before they leave the cell; makes lysosomes

103
Q

lysosomes

A

digestion; digests things

104
Q

cell turnover

A

removal of old molecules

105
Q

peroxisomes

A

digest fat –> H2O2

106
Q

mitochondria

A

oxidative phsphoralation
- ATP: high energy
- mDNA: from mother

107
Q

centrioles

A

important in cell division; split when cell divides

108
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis:
- asexual cell division
- diploid
- identical
meiosis:
- sexual cell division (2 process)
- haploid
- similar

109
Q

cell cycle

A
  1. M: nuclear division
  2. G1: normal cell activity
  3. S phase: when all DNA is copied
  4. G2: rest of call copied
110
Q

stages of meiosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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