EXAM #2 Flashcards
Any attitude, behavior, or condition that violates cultural norms or societal laws and results in disapproval, hostility, or sanction
- A yellow ladybug in a group of red ladybugs
Deviance
Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of _ break norms
all ages
Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- Stereotypically characterized in _
children
Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- Adults still commit deviance
– _: speeding, jay walking
Folkways
Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- Adults still commit deviance
– _: Drunk driving, illicit (hard) drugs
Mores
Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- Adults still commit deviance
– _ as well
Taboos
Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- But deviance is more likely to occur among _
younger generations
Categorizing Deviance:
R. K. Merton offers more details than your book
- 2 types
- Informal deviance
- Formal deviance
Categorizing Deviance:
R. K. Merton offers more details than your book
- Actions and behaviors that violate social norms (Merton, 1967)
– breaking folkways and mores
Informal deviance
Categorizing Deviance:
R. K. Merton offers more details than your book
- Actions and behaviors that violate formally
enacted rules (Merton, 1967)
– breaking mores and taboos
Formal deviance
Categorizing Deviance:
The book categories deviance into 3 categories
- Everyday deviance
- Sexual deviance
- Deviance among the powerful
Categorizing Deviance:
The book categories deviance into 3 categories
- everyone breaks folkways
Everyday deviance
Categorizing Deviance:
The book categories deviance into 3 categories
- Evolution of Norms/Some always taboo
Sexual deviance
Categorizing Deviance:
The book categories deviance into 3 categories
- Crimes of power
Deviance among the powerful
Social Control of Deviance:
Societies try to limit _
deviance
The attempts of particular people or groups to control the behaviors of other individuals and groups in order to increase the likelihood they will conform to the established norms or laws of a given society
Social control of Deviance
Social Control of Deviance:
All of our deviance is controlled in two ways
- Informal control
- Formal control
Social Control of Deviance:
The unofficial mechanisms through which deviance is discouraged in society, most often occurs among ordinary people during the course of their interactions
Informal control
Social Control of Deviance:
Informal control
- What 3 unofficial mechanisms?
- Social cues
- Symbolic behaviors
- Verbal labels
Social Control of Deviance:
Informal control
- What unofficial mechanism?
– Sitting too close or dancing naked will lead people to look at you crazy
Social cues
Social Control of Deviance:
Informal control
- What unofficial mechanism?
– Alliances, social closure, ostracism
– Job offers, Promotions, Acceptance into organizations
symbolic behaviors
Social Control of Deviance:
Informal control
- What unofficial mechanism?
– Oh that person’s fine they are just “____.”
verbal labels
Social Control of Deviance:
Official attempts to discourage certain behaviors and visibly punish others, most often exercised by the state
Formal control
Social Control of Deviance:
_ are any type of formal rules
- Rules in school
- Rules at work
- Rules in any bureaucracies
- And of coarse, the biggies, rules for society
– Law, Courts, and Prisons
Deviance _ Crime
≠
Any act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment, or both
Crime
Two main types of sociological crime
- Violent crimes
- Property crimes
Main type of sociological crime:
Crimes that involve force or threat of force, including robbery, murder, assault, and rape
Violent crimes
Main type of sociological crime:
Crimes that involve the violation of
individuals’ ownership rights, including burglary,
larceny/theft, arson, and motor vehicle theft
Property crimes
We have a tendency to _ the person for deviance
blame
We have a tendency to blame the person for deviance:
- A theory that skull shapes determined whether someone was a deviant
Phrenology
We have a tendency to blame the person for deviance:
- A deviant whose behavior is explained because they are a throwbacks to primitive early humans
Atavisms
Deviance twin studies:
_ identical vs _ fraternal twins criminally charged
- 35%
- 20%
Crime biological explanations
chemical imbalances in the brain
Sociologist argue that deviance is driven much more by _ than _
nurture than nature
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Durkheim’s argued that deviance has a _
useful purpose
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Durkheim’s argued that deviance has a useful purpose
- He argued it occurs due to _
Anomie
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Durkheim’s argued that deviance has a useful purpose
- Serves four functions in society
- Clarify Norms
- Unify Groups
- Diffuse Tension
- Promote Social Change
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can
- #1) Define the _ of a society
values
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can
- #2) Makes us all more aware of how alike we are and that this could happen to anyone
– facilitates _
Social Solidarity: social bonds that us!
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can
- #3) If we are frustrated, crime can _
help alleviate the problem
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can
- #4) If enough people are _, values will shift and norms will change
angry
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can _
1) Define the values of a society
#2) Makes us all more aware of how alike we are and that this could happen to anyone
- facilitates Social Solidarity
#3) If we are frustrated, crime can help alleviate the problem
#4) If enough people are angry, values will shift and norms will change
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Robert K Merton’s Structural Strain Theory
- The theory that when there is a discrepancy
between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, rates or deviance will be high
– can apply to any cultural goal, from any sub-culture
Strain Theory
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Robert K Merton’s Structural Strain Theory
- A form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between a society’s culturally defined goals, and the means a society provides to attain those goals
Structural strain
Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
People differ not only in their motivation to engage in deviant acts, in their opportunity to do so
- deviance is more likely to occur in a community, place, or time when the opportunities for it and the behavior is rewarded
Differential opportunity theory
Deviance:
3 conflict perspectives
- Subculture theory
- Class-dominant theory
- Structural contradiction theory
Deviance - Conflict perspective:
- Deviance is a result of conflicting interests or cultural norms of more and less powerful segments of a population
Subculture theory
Deviance - Conflict perspective:
- Subculture theory
– The difference is often seen as deviance
– Can come from the larger culture _ the
subculture.
- It can also come from the subculture _
as deviant
- ‘misunderstanding’
- wanting to be recognized
Deviance - Conflict perspective:
Theoretical perspective that who is labeled as deviant (or criminal) is determined by the interest of the dominant class in a particular society
- The behaviors are deemed not appropriate
- Established is several ways, such as laws, images in media, and news of punishments and rewards..
Class-dominant Theory
Deviance - Conflict perspective:
Conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure of a society produce laws defining certain acts as deviant.
- Things like banning….
– protests
– wearing particular clothing
– smoking here on campus
Structural contradiction theory
Deviance - Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
_ influence their propensity for deviance
People’s interactions
Deviance:
2 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives
- Labeling theory of deviance
- Differential association
Deviance - Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
Deviance is the result of the labels people attach to certain types of behaviors
- Influences the type of social control
- Sometimes people identify with a role associated with deviance
Labeling theory of deviance
Deviance - Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
The theory that deviant and criminal behavior is socially learned when deviance is positively reinforced
Differential association
As human societies evolved, so did social
hierarchies and how we _
think of money
Economic Systems & Technology Revolution:
Pastoral/Nomadic Living
Barter System
Economic Systems & Technology Revolution:
_ Revolution –> _ Revolution —> _ Revolution
- Agricultural
- Industrial
- Information
Agricultural Revolution:
Improvements in irrigation and farming
technology led to a sedentary lifestyle
- Barter System to _
Money
Agricultural Revolution:
2 functions
- Manifest functions
- Latent functions
Agricultural Revolution:
Mass production of agriculture
- No longer starving
- First surplus of goods
Manifest Function
Agricultural Revolution:
Specialized Roles
- Land Ownership
- Laborers needed, creating a class system
Latent Functions
Industrial Revolution:
From farms to _
big Machines
Industrial Revolution:
Creation of a significant _
“labor force”
Industrial Revolution:
Creation of a significant “labor force”
- A pool of job seekers whose numbers outpace the available positions and thus contribute to keeping wages low and conditions of work tenuous
Reserve Army of Labor (Marx)
Industrial Revolution:
A pool of job seekers whose numbers outpace the available positions and thus contribute to keeping wages low and conditions of work tenuous
Reserve Army of Labor (Marx)
Industrial Revolution:
Increased emphasis on _
Scientific Management
Industrial Revolution:
Effort to reduce physical movement of workers, thereby reducing time wasted
Scientific Management (Taylor)
Industrial Revolution:
Increased emphasis on Scientific Management: (Taylor) effort to reduce physical movement of workers, thereby reducing time wasted.
- Leads to a _ that cannot produce or manufacture products for themselves.
- This leads them to be eternal members of the _ labor force
- “de-skilled” labor force
- middle and lower class
Information Revolution:
_ have created a new revolution
Travel, communication, &
globalization
Information Revolution:
The replacement of human labor by machines in the production process
Automation
Information Revolution:
Highly educated professionals who engage in mental labor, and in the manipulations of symbols
Symbolic Analysts
The amount of money a person (or family) earns in a given time
Income
The value of everything a person owns minus everything they owe
Wealth
Ability to influence political institutions to achieve one’s interests
Political Power
A recognized social category typically associated with income, wealth, occupation, or political power
Class
Prestige associated with a social position
Status
A high degree of disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige and other resources
Social Inequality
The systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality
Social Startification
A system in which the social classes are fixed at birth and impermeable
- all people remain members of the same social class throughout their life
Caste Society
A system in which social mobility allows an
individual to change his or her social class
- social class is an indicator of personal accomplishment
Class Society
Social position linked to characteristics that are socially significant but cannot generally be altered
Ascribed Status
Social position linked to an individual’s acquisition of socially valued credentials or skills
Achieved Status
Ascribed vs Achieved Statuses:
Which is contingent upon cultural perspective?
Ascribed status
2 Factors associated with Class Society
- Social mobility
- Meritocracy
Factors associated with Class Society:
The belief that personal success is based on talent and individual effort
Meritocracy
Factors associated with Class Society:
The upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time
Social Mobility
American Class System:
- Changed _
- What was once three tiers has evolved
- Can be others…
– Blue collar vs White
collar
over time
American Class System:
13% - $10,000
- Unemployed or part-time menial jobs, public assistance
Underclass
American Class System:
13% - $20,000
- Lowest paid manual, retail and service workers
Working poor
American Class System:
30% - $30,000
- low-skilled manual, clerical, retail sales
Working class
American Class System:
30% - $45,000
- Lower managers, semi-professionals, craftsmen, foremen, non-retail sales
Middle class
American Class System:
14% - $80,000
- Upper managers, Professionals, medium-sized business owners
Upper middle class
American Class System:
1% - $1.5 million
- Investors, Heirs, Executives
Capitalist class
Income Inequality Is Growing:
In _ and _
- In the past 30 years the income gap is growing
- America
- Across the Globe
Why study income inequality?
Poverty can affect _
anyone!
Why study income inequality?
Poverty in individual cases may be the result of many
personal factors
- Poor choices
- Emergencies
- Unexpected Expenses
- Bad luck
Why study income inequality?
The magnitude of the problem of poverty suggests that it has _
- Looking at individual issues fails to see the whole picture
structural roots
Middle class means you live good right?
Middle class _ money is not a problem
- We Americans spend a lot of money compared to the rest of the world
- We believe we should be paying for many things
Does not mean
Middle class means you live good right?
People in the middle class are _
struggling
Why has income inequality grown in
US?
- Loss of manufacturing jobs
- Bureaucratization of American occupations
- Evolution of economy from labor based to skill based
Why has income inequality grown in
US?
- Free trade
- Outsourcing-use of low-cost labor in foreign
countries
Loss of manufacturing jobs
Why has income inequality grown in
US?
- Banks
- Box stores
Bureaucratization of American occupations
Why has income inequality grown in
US?
- Increase in low-wage jobs
- Knowledge is key
Evolution of economy from labor based to skill based
Unites States is
VERY PROSPEROUS:
We are the _ in the world
- About 5% of the world’s population,
- Consume 20% of the world’s resources
rich neighborhood
Unites States is
VERY PROSPEROUS:
Half of the world lives on less than _
$2 a day
The systematic disparities in income, wealth, health, education, access to technology, opportunity, and power among countries, communities, and households around the world
Global Inequality
World Bank categorizes countries:
Agricultural
Low Income Countries
World Bank categorizes countries:
Pre Industrialism and Early Urbanization
Middle Income Countries
World Bank categorizes countries:
Industrial, Diverse, and have experienced the Technological Revolution
High Income Countries
Four Major Measures of Global Inequality
- Health
- Sanitation
- Education
- Technology
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Health
- several measures
– _: average length of life
life span
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Health
- several measures
– _: the average number of children a woman in a given country will have in her lifetime
fertility rate
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Health
- several measures
– _: The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births
Infant Mortality Rate
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
- Different levels of income inequality leads to
tremendous _
– Evidence in global health system
– Evidence in American medical system
disparity in health outcomes
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
- America takes take our _ for granted!
sanitation
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Sanitation
- A vital component of a _ society
healthy
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Sanitation
- Also increases _, especially associated
with childbearing and rearing
health
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Sanitation
- A _ in our own country at times
problem
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Education
- Half of the children in the world end their education in _
6th grade
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Education
- Access to education focused in the _
Western countries
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Education
- Reasons for lower education levels in less developed countries
- Pay after 6th grade
- Lack of role models
- Leave school to work
- Agrarian lifestyle: no degree required
- Apprenticeships
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Technology
- Access to technology varies
– Phones are super popular around the world
— India: _
53% have phones, only 36% have toilets
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Technology
- _ is also super popular
Social Media
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Technology
- Social Media is also super popular
– Serious component of _
social activism
Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Technology
- Other forms of technology _
– Access to the internet (getting on, and paid content)
– Computers
not shared the same
Two perspectives offer insight into poverty across the globe
- Functionalism
- Conflict
Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Built on the assumption that rewards (money) are
rightfully distributed to those who achieve it
Functionalist perspective
Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Functionalist
- The _, and the associated differential distribution of rewards ensures that highly valued positions are filled by the well prepared and motivated people
stratification of society
Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Functionalist
- The stratification of society, and the associated differential distribution of rewards ensures that highly valued positions are filled by the well prepared and motivated people
– Ganz (1972) outlined functions
- Work force for the dirty jobs
- Jobs for others to help the poor
- Scapegoat of societies problem
Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Today functionalists point out that poverty and
dysfunction are _
positively correlated
Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Today functionalists point out that poverty and
dysfunction are positively correlated
- It is how _ that determines the poverty level, as opposed to
individual responsibility
society is structured (e.g., laws, access to banks, access to education)
Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
From this perspective, global stratification is due to the bourgeoisie (the global elite), who own the means of production and use their assets to make more money and
secure their position across the globe
Conflict perspective
Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Conflict
- A transglobal class of professionals who
exercise considerable economic and political power that is not limited by the national borders
Global Elite
Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Conflict
- _ are going global
Corporations and Organizations
Three Theories of Global Inequality
- Modernization Theory
- Dependency Theory
- World Systems Theory
Theory of Global Inequality:
Poverty was the norm, and as societies adopt modern technologies, institutions, and practices are the only ones who escape poverty
Modernization Theory
Theory of Global Inequality:
Poverty of some countries is due to the exploitation by wealthier states, which permeate the country to
control their economy and politics
Dependency Theory
Theory of Global Inequality:
The global capitalist economic system is shaped by a few powerful economic actors, who fix the global economy across nations
World Systems Theory
Race & Ethnicity:
America’s Demographics are changing
- This change is brought about by two primary reasons
- Foreign-Born Population is Immigrating From
Different Countries - Who is Immigrating Are Different
Dividing people into populations or groups on
the basis of various sets of physical characteristics thought to be a result from genetic ancestry
Race
Population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality, language, or shared cultural traditions
Ethnicity
Less powerful groups who are dominated by a more powerful group, and often, discriminated against on the basis of
characteristics deemed by the majority to be socially significant
Minority
Race & Ethnicity:
Race is linked to identity in many societies
- Science finds a lot of evidence that our behavior, values, and attitudes are more _
socially driven than
biological
Race & Ethnicity:
A social phenomenon that is created, institutionalized, and made into tradition by humans
- Gender
- Mental Illness
- Race
Social Constructionism
Race & Ethnicity:
Human behavior is best understood by _
- History
- Cultural values
- Beliefs/Norms
Race & Ethnicity:
Human behavior is best understood by _
- Immigration experience
History
Race & Ethnicity:
Human behavior is best understood by _
- Cultural cognitive orientation for this class
cultural values
Race & Ethnicity:
Human behavior is best understood by _
- Family, work, & education
Beliefs/Norms
Race and ethnic differences are rooted in _
socio-historical differences
Race & Ethnicity - Cognitive Orientations:
One’s self goals and concerns take precedence over the goals and concerns of the group
- People set and work toward their own goals
Individualism
Race & Ethnicity - Cognitive Orientations:
When the goals and concerns of a valued group take precedence over the goals and
concerns of the individual
- The “group” takes precedent
Collectivism
Race & Ethnicity:
The Census asks us to categorize ourselves as _
- American Indian
- African Americans
- Asian Americans
- White Americans
- Hispanics/Latino
- Pacific Islander??
- Arab Americans (Section on Religion)
- Jewish Americans (Section on Religion)
Race & Ethnicity - Hispanic:
History
- 16th Century _ colonized the Southwestern US.
– couple of wars shaped the southwest
Spaniards
Race & Ethnicity - Hispanic:
- a grouping of various ethnic groups based on their related cultural origins; geographic, linguistic, religious, or ‘racial” similarities
– inflates size of group to second largest minority
– misrepresents diversity of group
– identification pattern
Pan ethnic category
Race & Ethnicity - Hispanic:
- Cognitive Orientation
– Collective toward the _
extended family
Race & Ethnicity - Hispanic:
- Beliefs/Norms
- Family Life = Familismo
- Education
- Cognitive orientation influences how you learn
- Education goals differ
Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- History
– West African tribal customs still prevalent
- Hunting and gathering lifestyle in Africa is different….
- Women were often tribal leaders and shamans; more than other regions of the world
Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- History
– Maintain collectivism
– Female Autonomy and Power due to circumstances
American Slavery (the longest in the world)
Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- History
– Following Emancipation
- The Great Migration
- Women given first access to education and jobs
- Resources that were able to be achieved were shared
Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- Cognitive Orientation
Collective to extended Family
- extended family not always along bloodlines
Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- Beliefs/Norms
More matriarchically (Matriarchy) as compared to other groups
- women more likely to lead the family than other groups
Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- Beliefs/Norms
– An unconscious opposition to institutions and customs formerly used to subordinate one’s group (Ogbu, 2003).
* Effects participation in education, govt., and other institutions.
Oppositional Culture identity
Race & Ethnicity - Asian Americans:
- History
– Another pan-ethnic category
— Chinese were the first to _
immigrate
Race & Ethnicity - Asian Americans:
- Cognitive orientation
Confucius influenced many cultural values
- Collectivism
- Filial Piety (ancestors and elders are revered)
Race & Ethnicity - Asian Americans:
- Norms
- Family at home is most important group
- Emphasis on education
- Many activities completed in groups
Race & Ethnicity - American Indian:
- History
Victim of “Manifest Destiny”
- Oppositional Identity
Race & Ethnicity - American Indian:
- Cognitive Orientation
- Collectivism to the entire tribe
- Must consider EVERYONE
- Passive parenting
Race & Ethnicity - American Indian:
- Norms
- Hunting in Gathering directly to Industrialization
- Different education style: Narratives vs. Lectures
The generalization of a characteristic to all members of a group
Stereotype
An attribute that is deeply discrediting to an
individual or group
Stigma
A belief or attitude about a group that is not based in fact and hard to change with evidence
Prejudice
The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in a group
Discrimination
Holding prejudices based on the race of other people
racism
Two types of discrimination
- Institutionalized Discrimination
- Individual Discrimination
Types of discrimination:
Unequal treatment embedded in the social
institutions designed to serve everyone equally
- business, schools, hospitals, and governments
Institutionalized Discrimination
Types of discrimination:
Overt and unintentional actions based on prejudices directed at individual people
Individual Discrimination
How do institutions discriminate?
- Due to _ functions of these instructions
manifest and latent
How do institutions discriminate?
- Lack of access to _
- Education
- Loans
- Housing
- Courts
- Insurance
Whites are more likely than blacks to have a _
college degree
Individual Racism:
Prejudice and discrimination serve a _
function
Individual Racism:
Prejudice & discrimination serve a function
- Helps maintain _
power
Individual Racism:
Prejudice & discrimination serve a function
- An immediate boost in _
self-esteem
Individual Racism:
Prejudice & discrimination serve a function
- Make us feel better about our _
group
Individual Racism:
Yet more is gained (psychologically, economically, etc..)
from _ and “not hating”
collaboration
Individual Racism:
Yet more is gained (psychologically, economically, etc..)
from collaboration and “not hating”
- Long-term _ impacts health and overall
psychology
– Those who are unhealthier mentally and physically
anger
Individual Racism:
Yet more is gained (psychologically, economically, etc..)
from collaboration and “not hating”
- _ emphasizes equality for all groups
Ideal culture
Individual Racism:
Ideal culture emphasizes equality for all groups
- Overt acts of discrimination have dramatically _ in modern America
decreased
Individual Racism:
Ideal culture emphasizes equality for all groups
- Attitudes toward equality have become _
increasingly the norm
Two types of Modern Racism
- Symbolic Racism
- Modern Racism
Type of Modern Racism:
People who believe the plight of minorities is self-imposed now that society is tolerance
- “unwilling to overcome”
Symbolic Racism
Type of Modern Racism:
When people allow race to influence their judgments when there are alternative explanations for our behavior
Modern Racism
Subconscious _ are real and abundant
biases
People’s utilization of unconscious biases when
making judgments about people from different groups
Implicit Biases
Work of Banaji & Greenwald at the U of Washington
- A snazy little experiment caught everyone’s
attention
Implicit Biases
Three areas Implicit Biases influence Behavior
- Uncontrolled Behavior
- Quick Reflex behaviors
- Impressions and expectations
Area Implicit Biases influence Behavior:
- Non Verbal Behavior
- Immediacy (Word & Dovidio, 1998)
Uncontrolled Behavior
Area Implicit Biases Influence Behavior:
- Where we don’t have time to think or catch ourselves
(e.g., who do you stop for at a crosswalk?)
Quick Reflex Behaviors
Area Implicit Biases Influence Behavior:
- Confirmation Bias (Pygmalion Effect)
Impressions and Expectations
_ is a byproduct of how the human brain functions
Prejudice
Prejudice is a byproduct of how the human brain functions
- We all have a tendency to favor the groups _
we belong to
Prejudice is a byproduct of how the human brain functions
- We all have a tendency to favor what society _
thinks is “Good”
Through conscious efforts people have improved _ to unprecedented numbers
intergroup relations
_ is a social construction
- a social phenomenon that is created, institutionalized, and made into tradition by humans
Gender
_ Norms are a cultural value
Gender
The United States and other technologically advanced societies are embracing new _ norms
egalitarian
The anatomical and other biological characteristics that differ between males and females and that originate in the human genes
Sex
The norms, roles, and behavioral characteristics associated in a given society with being a man or a women
Gender
A set of attributes, behaviors and roles generally associated with boys and men
Masculinity
A set of attributes, behaviors and roles generally associated with girls and women
Femininity
We learn societies’ prescribed gender roles
from _
the day we are conceived
The attitudes and behaviors that are
considered to be masculine and feminine in a particular culture
Gender Roles
Gender roles in relation to family has _
changed over
time
Male Roles
1) Allowed to embrace some aspects of femineity
2) Allowed to be more sensitive/emotional and less aggressive
3) Increased involvement with family life
Female Roles
1) Socialize outside the house and public life (Girls Night)
2) Athletic does not detract from femininity
3) Still primarily in charge of “private sphere“ of life
We know that there is much work to do in many
realms
- Yet access does not mean _
- Progress to egalitarian gender norms are far from complete
equality
Gender Wage Gap:
Even when doing the same exact jobs, earn _ than men
5-15% less
The difference between the earnings of women who work full-time year-round as a groups and those of men who work full-time year round as a group
Gender Wage Gap
Gender in the Labor Force:
Women and men do _ jobs
- When ranking the 20 most common occupations for men and women, only 4 occupations were shared
different types of
The concentration of men
and women in different occupations
Occupational Segregation by Gender
2 Theories of Occupational Inequality
- Labor supply factors
- Labor demand factors
Theories of Occupational Inequality:
Factors that highlight reasons that women or men may “prefer” particular occupations
Labor supply factors
Theories of Occupational Inequality:
Factors that highlight the needs and preferences of the employer
Labor demand factors
Gender and Higher Education:
- Today, data suggests _ are more invested
in education _
– Exclusion —> Segregation —> Full Inclusion
- women
- than men
Gender and Higher Education:
Now _ are more likely than _ to enroll in college, stay in college, and earn a degree
- women
- men
Reasons women are attending college
in greater numbers than men
- High school graduation rates
- Technological age
- Believe in the utility of college
- Male jobs that do not require degrees pay better than female jobs without college degrees
Reasons women are attending college in greater numbers than men:
- Women more likely to leave high school with diploma/honors diploma
High School Graduation Rates
Reasons women are attending college in greater numbers than men:
- Knowledge is power
Technological Age
Reasons women are attending college in greater numbers than men:
- surveys on whether school was useful
Believe in the utility of college
Reasons women are attending college in greater numbers than men:
- Construction
- Labor industry
- Waitress
Male jobs that do not require degrees pay better than female jobs without college degrees
General Gender Inequality:
An artificial boundary that allows women to see the
benefits of a promotion but face social/structural obstacles to get there
Glass Ceiling
General Gender Inequality:
The expectations that adult females be concerned with having children and raising them well
- Leads to the perception that women should be thought of as only nurturers
Motherhood Mandate – (Russo)
General Gender Inequality:
The expectation that working women still
maintain the majority of the domestic duties when in the home
Second shift
Feminism fights _
Sexism
The belief that social equality should exist between the sexes
Feminism
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other and is therefore justified in having a dominant position
Sexism
3 types of Feminism
- Liberal Feminism
- socialist Feminism
- Radical Feminism
Type of Feminism:
The belief that women’s inequality is the result of institutional barriers
- Efforts seek to change intuitional barriers
- First kind
Liberal Feminism
Type of Feminism:
Women’s inequality is the result of a combination of capitalistic economy and male domination
- Focus on work and money/lack of focus on family is male oriented
- Both must be transformed to bring about equality
Socialist Feminism
Type of Feminism:
Women’s inequality underlies all other forms of inequality
- The stigma of female influences our ideas about race, ethnicity, poverty, etc…
Radical Feminism
The ways in which people construct their sexual desires and relationships, including the norms
governing sexual behavior
Sexuality
A person’s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual
Sexual Orientation
People whose gender identity, expression, or behaviors differ from their sex at birth or is outside the gender binary
Transgender
One’s sense of being a man, woman or outside the binary
- Not allowing people to decide has been and still is detrimental
Gender Identity
True or False?
Income inequality is decreasing in contemporary American society
False
True or False?
Social mobility is defined an individual’s movement up or down social status levels
True
True or False?
In some developing countries, more people own cell phones than they do toilets
True
True or False?
Symbolic analysts are people who work with data in business, government, and other institutions
False
Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
The theory that criminal behavior is socially learned when deviance is positively reinforced by peers
Differential Association
Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
The theory that deviance is a result of variations in the cultural norms among different segments of a population
Subculture Theory
Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
The theory that when there is a discrepancy
between the cultural goals for success and the
means available to achieve those goals, rates or deviance will be high
Strain Theory
Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
A belief or attitude about a group that is not based in fact and hard to change with evidence
Prejudice
Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other and is therefore justified in having a dominant position
Sexism
Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
When people allow race to influence their judgments when there are alternative explanations for our behavior
Modern Racism
The artificial boundary that allows women to see the benefits of a promotion but face social/structural obstacles to get there is referred to as the ____.
a) motherhood mandate
b) glass ceiling
c) second shift
d) male norm
b) glass ceiling
Countries that are categorized as “Low Income” by the World Bank, or termed asn “developing countries” by the media, are truly just _____ cultures.
a) agricultural
b) industrialized
c) technological/information age
d) impoverished
a) agricultural
_______ are a transglobal class of professionals who exercise considerable economic and political power that is not limited by the national borders.
a) Socialists
b) Capitalists
c) The Iron Law of Oligarchy
d) The Global Elite
d) The Global Elite
