Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology > EXAM #2 > Flashcards

EXAM #2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Any attitude, behavior, or condition that violates cultural norms or societal laws and results in disapproval, hostility, or sanction
- A yellow ladybug in a group of red ladybugs

A

Deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of _ break norms

A

all ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- Stereotypically characterized in _

A

children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- Adults still commit deviance
– _: speeding, jay walking

A

Folkways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- Adults still commit deviance
– _: Drunk driving, illicit (hard) drugs

A

Mores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- Adults still commit deviance
– _ as well

A

Taboos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Everyone partakes in deviance:
People of all ages break norms
- But deviance is more likely to occur among _

A

younger generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Categorizing Deviance:
R. K. Merton offers more details than your book
- 2 types

A
  1. Informal deviance
  2. Formal deviance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Categorizing Deviance:
R. K. Merton offers more details than your book
- Actions and behaviors that violate social norms (Merton, 1967)
– breaking folkways and mores

A

Informal deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Categorizing Deviance:
R. K. Merton offers more details than your book
- Actions and behaviors that violate formally
enacted rules (Merton, 1967)
– breaking mores and taboos

A

Formal deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Categorizing Deviance:
The book categories deviance into 3 categories

A
  1. Everyday deviance
  2. Sexual deviance
  3. Deviance among the powerful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Categorizing Deviance:
The book categories deviance into 3 categories
- everyone breaks folkways

A

Everyday deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Categorizing Deviance:
The book categories deviance into 3 categories
- Evolution of Norms/Some always taboo

A

Sexual deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Categorizing Deviance:
The book categories deviance into 3 categories
- Crimes of power

A

Deviance among the powerful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
Societies try to limit _

A

deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The attempts of particular people or groups to control the behaviors of other individuals and groups in order to increase the likelihood they will conform to the established norms or laws of a given society

A

Social control of Deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
All of our deviance is controlled in two ways

A
  1. Informal control
  2. Formal control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
The unofficial mechanisms through which deviance is discouraged in society, most often occurs among ordinary people during the course of their interactions

A

Informal control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
Informal control
- What 3 unofficial mechanisms?

A
  1. Social cues
  2. Symbolic behaviors
  3. Verbal labels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
Informal control
- What unofficial mechanism?
– Sitting too close or dancing naked will lead people to look at you crazy

A

Social cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
Informal control
- What unofficial mechanism?
– Alliances, social closure, ostracism
– Job offers, Promotions, Acceptance into organizations

A

symbolic behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
Informal control
- What unofficial mechanism?
– Oh that person’s fine they are just “____.”

A

verbal labels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
Official attempts to discourage certain behaviors and visibly punish others, most often exercised by the state

A

Formal control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Social Control of Deviance:
_ are any type of formal rules

A
  • Rules in school
  • Rules at work
  • Rules in any bureaucracies
  • And of coarse, the biggies, rules for society
    – Law, Courts, and Prisons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Deviance _ Crime

A

≠

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Any act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment, or both

A

Crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two main types of sociological crime

A
  1. Violent crimes
  2. Property crimes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Main type of sociological crime:
Crimes that involve force or threat of force, including robbery, murder, assault, and rape

A

Violent crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Main type of sociological crime:
Crimes that involve the violation of
individuals’ ownership rights, including burglary,
larceny/theft, arson, and motor vehicle theft

A

Property crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

We have a tendency to _ the person for deviance

A

blame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

We have a tendency to blame the person for deviance:
- A theory that skull shapes determined whether someone was a deviant

A

Phrenology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

We have a tendency to blame the person for deviance:
- A deviant whose behavior is explained because they are a throwbacks to primitive early humans

A

Atavisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Deviance twin studies:
_ identical vs _ fraternal twins criminally charged

A
  • 35%
  • 20%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Crime biological explanations

A

chemical imbalances in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sociologist argue that deviance is driven much more by _ than _

A

nurture than nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Durkheim’s argued that deviance has a _

A

useful purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Durkheim’s argued that deviance has a useful purpose
- He argued it occurs due to _

A

Anomie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Durkheim’s argued that deviance has a useful purpose
- Serves four functions in society

A
  1. Clarify Norms
  2. Unify Groups
  3. Diffuse Tension
  4. Promote Social Change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can
- #1) Define the _ of a society

A

values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can
- #2) Makes us all more aware of how alike we are and that this could happen to anyone
– facilitates _

A

Social Solidarity: social bonds that us!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can
- #3) If we are frustrated, crime can _

A

help alleviate the problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can
- #4) If enough people are _, values will shift and norms will change

A

angry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
So when crime happens, it can _

A

1) Define the values of a society

#2) Makes us all more aware of how alike we are and that this could happen to anyone
- facilitates Social Solidarity
#3) If we are frustrated, crime can help alleviate the problem
#4) If enough people are angry, values will shift and norms will change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Robert K Merton’s Structural Strain Theory
- The theory that when there is a discrepancy
between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, rates or deviance will be high
– can apply to any cultural goal, from any sub-culture

A

Strain Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
Robert K Merton’s Structural Strain Theory
- A form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between a society’s culturally defined goals, and the means a society provides to attain those goals

A

Structural strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Deviance - Functionalist Perspective:
People differ not only in their motivation to engage in deviant acts, in their opportunity to do so
- deviance is more likely to occur in a community, place, or time when the opportunities for it and the behavior is rewarded

A

Differential opportunity theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Deviance:
3 conflict perspectives

A
  1. Subculture theory
  2. Class-dominant theory
  3. Structural contradiction theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Deviance - Conflict perspective:
- Deviance is a result of conflicting interests or cultural norms of more and less powerful segments of a population

A

Subculture theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Deviance - Conflict perspective:
- Subculture theory
– The difference is often seen as deviance
– Can come from the larger culture _ the
subculture.
- It can also come from the subculture _
as deviant

A
  • ‘misunderstanding’
  • wanting to be recognized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Deviance - Conflict perspective:
Theoretical perspective that who is labeled as deviant (or criminal) is determined by the interest of the dominant class in a particular society
- The behaviors are deemed not appropriate
- Established is several ways, such as laws, images in media, and news of punishments and rewards..

A

Class-dominant Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Deviance - Conflict perspective:
Conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure of a society produce laws defining certain acts as deviant.
- Things like banning….
– protests
– wearing particular clothing
– smoking here on campus

A

Structural contradiction theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Deviance - Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
_ influence their propensity for deviance

A

People’s interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Deviance:
2 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives

A
  1. Labeling theory of deviance
  2. Differential association
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Deviance - Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
Deviance is the result of the labels people attach to certain types of behaviors
- Influences the type of social control
- Sometimes people identify with a role associated with deviance

A

Labeling theory of deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Deviance - Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
The theory that deviant and criminal behavior is socially learned when deviance is positively reinforced

A

Differential association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

As human societies evolved, so did social
hierarchies and how we _

A

think of money

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Economic Systems & Technology Revolution:
Pastoral/Nomadic Living

A

Barter System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Economic Systems & Technology Revolution:
_ Revolution –> _ Revolution —> _ Revolution

A
  • Agricultural
  • Industrial
  • Information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Agricultural Revolution:
Improvements in irrigation and farming
technology led to a sedentary lifestyle
- Barter System to _

A

Money

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Agricultural Revolution:
2 functions

A
  • Manifest functions
  • Latent functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Agricultural Revolution:
Mass production of agriculture
- No longer starving
- First surplus of goods

A

Manifest Function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Agricultural Revolution:
Specialized Roles
- Land Ownership
- Laborers needed, creating a class system

A

Latent Functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Industrial Revolution:
From farms to _

A

big Machines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Industrial Revolution:
Creation of a significant _

A

“labor force”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Industrial Revolution:
Creation of a significant “labor force”
- A pool of job seekers whose numbers outpace the available positions and thus contribute to keeping wages low and conditions of work tenuous

A

Reserve Army of Labor (Marx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Industrial Revolution:
A pool of job seekers whose numbers outpace the available positions and thus contribute to keeping wages low and conditions of work tenuous

A

Reserve Army of Labor (Marx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Industrial Revolution:
Increased emphasis on _

A

Scientific Management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Industrial Revolution:
Effort to reduce physical movement of workers, thereby reducing time wasted

A

Scientific Management (Taylor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Industrial Revolution:
Increased emphasis on Scientific Management: (Taylor) effort to reduce physical movement of workers, thereby reducing time wasted.
- Leads to a _ that cannot produce or manufacture products for themselves.
- This leads them to be eternal members of the _ labor force

A
  • “de-skilled” labor force
  • middle and lower class
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Information Revolution:
_ have created a new revolution

A

Travel, communication, &
globalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Information Revolution:
The replacement of human labor by machines in the production process

A

Automation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Information Revolution:
Highly educated professionals who engage in mental labor, and in the manipulations of symbols

A

Symbolic Analysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

The amount of money a person (or family) earns in a given time

A

Income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

The value of everything a person owns minus everything they owe

A

Wealth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Ability to influence political institutions to achieve one’s interests

A

Political Power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

A recognized social category typically associated with income, wealth, occupation, or political power

A

Class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Prestige associated with a social position

A

Status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

A high degree of disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige and other resources

A

Social Inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

The systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality

A

Social Startification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

A system in which the social classes are fixed at birth and impermeable
- all people remain members of the same social class throughout their life

A

Caste Society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

A system in which social mobility allows an
individual to change his or her social class
- social class is an indicator of personal accomplishment

A

Class Society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Social position linked to characteristics that are socially significant but cannot generally be altered

A

Ascribed Status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Social position linked to an individual’s acquisition of socially valued credentials or skills

A

Achieved Status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Ascribed vs Achieved Statuses:
Which is contingent upon cultural perspective?

A

Ascribed status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

2 Factors associated with Class Society

A
  • Social mobility
  • Meritocracy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Factors associated with Class Society:
The belief that personal success is based on talent and individual effort

A

Meritocracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Factors associated with Class Society:
The upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time

A

Social Mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

American Class System:
- Changed _
- What was once three tiers has evolved
- Can be others…
– Blue collar vs White
collar

A

over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

American Class System:
13% - $10,000
- Unemployed or part-time menial jobs, public assistance

A

Underclass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

American Class System:
13% - $20,000
- Lowest paid manual, retail and service workers

A

Working poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

American Class System:
30% - $30,000
- low-skilled manual, clerical, retail sales

A

Working class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

American Class System:
30% - $45,000
- Lower managers, semi-professionals, craftsmen, foremen, non-retail sales

A

Middle class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

American Class System:
14% - $80,000
- Upper managers, Professionals, medium-sized business owners

A

Upper middle class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

American Class System:
1% - $1.5 million
- Investors, Heirs, Executives

A

Capitalist class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Income Inequality Is Growing:
In _ and _
- In the past 30 years the income gap is growing

A
  • America
  • Across the Globe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Why study income inequality?
Poverty can affect _

A

anyone!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Why study income inequality?
Poverty in individual cases may be the result of many
personal factors

A
  • Poor choices
  • Emergencies
  • Unexpected Expenses
  • Bad luck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Why study income inequality?
The magnitude of the problem of poverty suggests that it has _
- Looking at individual issues fails to see the whole picture

A

structural roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Middle class means you live good right?
Middle class _ money is not a problem
- We Americans spend a lot of money compared to the rest of the world
- We believe we should be paying for many things

A

Does not mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Middle class means you live good right?
People in the middle class are _

A

struggling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Why has income inequality grown in
US?

A
  • Loss of manufacturing jobs
  • Bureaucratization of American occupations
  • Evolution of economy from labor based to skill based
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Why has income inequality grown in
US?
- Free trade
- Outsourcing-use of low-cost labor in foreign
countries

A

Loss of manufacturing jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Why has income inequality grown in
US?
- Banks
- Box stores

A

Bureaucratization of American occupations

102
Q

Why has income inequality grown in
US?
- Increase in low-wage jobs
- Knowledge is key

A

Evolution of economy from labor based to skill based

103
Q

Unites States is
VERY PROSPEROUS:
We are the _ in the world
- About 5% of the world’s population,
- Consume 20% of the world’s resources

A

rich neighborhood

104
Q

Unites States is
VERY PROSPEROUS:
Half of the world lives on less than _

A

$2 a day

105
Q

The systematic disparities in income, wealth, health, education, access to technology, opportunity, and power among countries, communities, and households around the world

A

Global Inequality

106
Q

World Bank categorizes countries:
Agricultural

A

Low Income Countries

107
Q

World Bank categorizes countries:
Pre Industrialism and Early Urbanization

A

Middle Income Countries

108
Q

World Bank categorizes countries:
Industrial, Diverse, and have experienced the Technological Revolution

A

High Income Countries

109
Q

Four Major Measures of Global Inequality

A
  1. Health
  2. Sanitation
  3. Education
  4. Technology
110
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Health
- several measures
– _: average length of life

A

life span

111
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Health
- several measures
– _: the average number of children a woman in a given country will have in her lifetime

A

fertility rate

112
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Health
- several measures
– _: The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births

A

Infant Mortality Rate

113
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
- Different levels of income inequality leads to
tremendous _
– Evidence in global health system
– Evidence in American medical system

A

disparity in health outcomes

114
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
- America takes take our _ for granted!

A

sanitation

115
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Sanitation
- A vital component of a _ society

A

healthy

116
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Sanitation
- Also increases _, especially associated
with childbearing and rearing

A

health

117
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Sanitation
- A _ in our own country at times

A

problem

118
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Education
- Half of the children in the world end their education in _

A

6th grade

119
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Education
- Access to education focused in the _

A

Western countries

120
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Education
- Reasons for lower education levels in less developed countries

A
  • Pay after 6th grade
  • Lack of role models
  • Leave school to work
  • Agrarian lifestyle: no degree required
  • Apprenticeships
121
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Technology
- Access to technology varies
– Phones are super popular around the world
— India: _

A

53% have phones, only 36% have toilets

122
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Technology
- _ is also super popular

A

Social Media

123
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Technology
- Social Media is also super popular
– Serious component of _

A

social activism

124
Q

Major Measures of Global Inequality:
Technology
- Other forms of technology _
– Access to the internet (getting on, and paid content)
– Computers

A

not shared the same

125
Q

Two perspectives offer insight into poverty across the globe

A
  1. Functionalism
  2. Conflict
126
Q

Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Built on the assumption that rewards (money) are
rightfully distributed to those who achieve it

A

Functionalist perspective

127
Q

Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Functionalist
- The _, and the associated differential distribution of rewards ensures that highly valued positions are filled by the well prepared and motivated people

A

stratification of society

128
Q

Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Functionalist
- The stratification of society, and the associated differential distribution of rewards ensures that highly valued positions are filled by the well prepared and motivated people
– Ganz (1972) outlined functions

A
  • Work force for the dirty jobs
  • Jobs for others to help the poor
  • Scapegoat of societies problem
129
Q

Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Today functionalists point out that poverty and
dysfunction are _

A

positively correlated

130
Q

Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Today functionalists point out that poverty and
dysfunction are positively correlated
- It is how _ that determines the poverty level, as opposed to
individual responsibility

A

society is structured (e.g., laws, access to banks, access to education)

131
Q

Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
From this perspective, global stratification is due to the bourgeoisie (the global elite), who own the means of production and use their assets to make more money and
secure their position across the globe

A

Conflict perspective

132
Q

Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Conflict
- A transglobal class of professionals who
exercise considerable economic and political power that is not limited by the national borders

A

Global Elite

133
Q

Perspective offers insight into poverty across the globe:
Conflict
- _ are going global

A

Corporations and Organizations

134
Q

Three Theories of Global Inequality

A
  1. Modernization Theory
  2. Dependency Theory
  3. World Systems Theory
135
Q

Theory of Global Inequality:
Poverty was the norm, and as societies adopt modern technologies, institutions, and practices are the only ones who escape poverty

A

Modernization Theory

136
Q

Theory of Global Inequality:
Poverty of some countries is due to the exploitation by wealthier states, which permeate the country to
control their economy and politics

A

Dependency Theory

137
Q

Theory of Global Inequality:
The global capitalist economic system is shaped by a few powerful economic actors, who fix the global economy across nations

A

World Systems Theory

138
Q

Race & Ethnicity:
America’s Demographics are changing
- This change is brought about by two primary reasons

A
  1. Foreign-Born Population is Immigrating From
    Different Countries
  2. Who is Immigrating Are Different
139
Q

Dividing people into populations or groups on
the basis of various sets of physical characteristics thought to be a result from genetic ancestry

A

Race

140
Q

Population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality, language, or shared cultural traditions

A

Ethnicity

141
Q

Less powerful groups who are dominated by a more powerful group, and often, discriminated against on the basis of
characteristics deemed by the majority to be socially significant

A

Minority

142
Q

Race & Ethnicity:
Race is linked to identity in many societies
- Science finds a lot of evidence that our behavior, values, and attitudes are more _

A

socially driven than
biological

143
Q

Race & Ethnicity:
A social phenomenon that is created, institutionalized, and made into tradition by humans
- Gender
- Mental Illness
- Race

A

Social Constructionism

144
Q

Race & Ethnicity:
Human behavior is best understood by _

A
  • History
  • Cultural values
  • Beliefs/Norms
145
Q

Race & Ethnicity:
Human behavior is best understood by _
- Immigration experience

A

History

146
Q

Race & Ethnicity:
Human behavior is best understood by _
- Cultural cognitive orientation for this class

A

cultural values

147
Q

Race & Ethnicity:
Human behavior is best understood by _
- Family, work, & education

A

Beliefs/Norms

148
Q

Race and ethnic differences are rooted in _

A

socio-historical differences

149
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Cognitive Orientations:
One’s self goals and concerns take precedence over the goals and concerns of the group
- People set and work toward their own goals

A

Individualism

150
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Cognitive Orientations:
When the goals and concerns of a valued group take precedence over the goals and
concerns of the individual
- The “group” takes precedent

A

Collectivism

151
Q

Race & Ethnicity:
The Census asks us to categorize ourselves as _

A
  • American Indian
  • African Americans
  • Asian Americans
  • White Americans
  • Hispanics/Latino
  • Pacific Islander??
  • Arab Americans (Section on Religion)
  • Jewish Americans (Section on Religion)
152
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Hispanic:
History
- 16th Century _ colonized the Southwestern US.
– couple of wars shaped the southwest

A

Spaniards

153
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Hispanic:
- a grouping of various ethnic groups based on their related cultural origins; geographic, linguistic, religious, or ‘racial” similarities
– inflates size of group to second largest minority
– misrepresents diversity of group
– identification pattern

A

Pan ethnic category

154
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Hispanic:
- Cognitive Orientation
– Collective toward the _

A

extended family

155
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Hispanic:
- Beliefs/Norms

A
  • Family Life = Familismo
  • Education
  • Cognitive orientation influences how you learn
  • Education goals differ
156
Q

Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- History
– West African tribal customs still prevalent

A
  • Hunting and gathering lifestyle in Africa is different….
  • Women were often tribal leaders and shamans; more than other regions of the world
157
Q

Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- History
– Maintain collectivism
– Female Autonomy and Power due to circumstances

A

American Slavery (the longest in the world)

158
Q

Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- History
– Following Emancipation

A
  • The Great Migration
  • Women given first access to education and jobs
  • Resources that were able to be achieved were shared
159
Q

Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- Cognitive Orientation

A

Collective to extended Family
- extended family not always along bloodlines

160
Q

Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- Beliefs/Norms

A

More matriarchically (Matriarchy) as compared to other groups
- women more likely to lead the family than other groups

161
Q

Race & Ethnicity - African Americans:
- Beliefs/Norms
– An unconscious opposition to institutions and customs formerly used to subordinate one’s group (Ogbu, 2003).
* Effects participation in education, govt., and other institutions.

A

Oppositional Culture identity

162
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Asian Americans:
- History
– Another pan-ethnic category
— Chinese were the first to _

A

immigrate

163
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Asian Americans:
- Cognitive orientation

A

Confucius influenced many cultural values
- Collectivism
- Filial Piety (ancestors and elders are revered)

164
Q

Race & Ethnicity - Asian Americans:
- Norms

A
  • Family at home is most important group
  • Emphasis on education
  • Many activities completed in groups
165
Q

Race & Ethnicity - American Indian:
- History

A

Victim of “Manifest Destiny”
- Oppositional Identity

166
Q

Race & Ethnicity - American Indian:
- Cognitive Orientation

A
  • Collectivism to the entire tribe
  • Must consider EVERYONE
  • Passive parenting
167
Q

Race & Ethnicity - American Indian:
- Norms

A
  • Hunting in Gathering directly to Industrialization
  • Different education style: Narratives vs. Lectures
168
Q

The generalization of a characteristic to all members of a group

A

Stereotype

169
Q

An attribute that is deeply discrediting to an
individual or group

A

Stigma

170
Q

A belief or attitude about a group that is not based in fact and hard to change with evidence

A

Prejudice

171
Q

The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in a group

A

Discrimination

172
Q

Holding prejudices based on the race of other people

A

racism

173
Q

Two types of discrimination

A
  1. Institutionalized Discrimination
  2. Individual Discrimination
174
Q

Types of discrimination:
Unequal treatment embedded in the social
institutions designed to serve everyone equally
- business, schools, hospitals, and governments

A

Institutionalized Discrimination

175
Q

Types of discrimination:
Overt and unintentional actions based on prejudices directed at individual people

A

Individual Discrimination

176
Q

How do institutions discriminate?
- Due to _ functions of these instructions

A

manifest and latent

177
Q

How do institutions discriminate?
- Lack of access to _

A
  • Education
  • Loans
  • Housing
  • Courts
  • Insurance
178
Q

Whites are more likely than blacks to have a _

A

college degree

179
Q

Individual Racism:
Prejudice and discrimination serve a _

A

function

180
Q

Individual Racism:
Prejudice & discrimination serve a function
- Helps maintain _

A

power

181
Q

Individual Racism:
Prejudice & discrimination serve a function
- An immediate boost in _

A

self-esteem

182
Q

Individual Racism:
Prejudice & discrimination serve a function
- Make us feel better about our _

A

group

183
Q

Individual Racism:
Yet more is gained (psychologically, economically, etc..)
from _ and “not hating”

A

collaboration

184
Q

Individual Racism:
Yet more is gained (psychologically, economically, etc..)
from collaboration and “not hating”
- Long-term _ impacts health and overall
psychology
– Those who are unhealthier mentally and physically

A

anger

185
Q

Individual Racism:
Yet more is gained (psychologically, economically, etc..)
from collaboration and “not hating”
- _ emphasizes equality for all groups

A

Ideal culture

186
Q

Individual Racism:
Ideal culture emphasizes equality for all groups
- Overt acts of discrimination have dramatically _ in modern America

A

decreased

187
Q

Individual Racism:
Ideal culture emphasizes equality for all groups
- Attitudes toward equality have become _

A

increasingly the norm

188
Q

Two types of Modern Racism

A
  1. Symbolic Racism
  2. Modern Racism
189
Q

Type of Modern Racism:
People who believe the plight of minorities is self-imposed now that society is tolerance
- “unwilling to overcome”

A

Symbolic Racism

190
Q

Type of Modern Racism:
When people allow race to influence their judgments when there are alternative explanations for our behavior

A

Modern Racism

191
Q

Subconscious _ are real and abundant

A

biases

192
Q

People’s utilization of unconscious biases when
making judgments about people from different groups

A

Implicit Biases

193
Q

Work of Banaji & Greenwald at the U of Washington
- A snazy little experiment caught everyone’s
attention

A

Implicit Biases

194
Q

Three areas Implicit Biases influence Behavior

A
  1. Uncontrolled Behavior
  2. Quick Reflex behaviors
  3. Impressions and expectations
195
Q

Area Implicit Biases influence Behavior:
- Non Verbal Behavior
- Immediacy (Word & Dovidio, 1998)

A

Uncontrolled Behavior

196
Q

Area Implicit Biases Influence Behavior:
- Where we don’t have time to think or catch ourselves
(e.g., who do you stop for at a crosswalk?)

A

Quick Reflex Behaviors

197
Q

Area Implicit Biases Influence Behavior:
- Confirmation Bias (Pygmalion Effect)

A

Impressions and Expectations

198
Q

_ is a byproduct of how the human brain functions

A

Prejudice

199
Q

Prejudice is a byproduct of how the human brain functions
- We all have a tendency to favor the groups _

A

we belong to

200
Q

Prejudice is a byproduct of how the human brain functions
- We all have a tendency to favor what society _

A

thinks is “Good”

201
Q

Through conscious efforts people have improved _ to unprecedented numbers

A

intergroup relations

202
Q

_ is a social construction
- a social phenomenon that is created, institutionalized, and made into tradition by humans

A

Gender

203
Q

_ Norms are a cultural value

A

Gender

204
Q

The United States and other technologically advanced societies are embracing new _ norms

A

egalitarian

205
Q

The anatomical and other biological characteristics that differ between males and females and that originate in the human genes

A

Sex

206
Q

The norms, roles, and behavioral characteristics associated in a given society with being a man or a women

A

Gender

207
Q

A set of attributes, behaviors and roles generally associated with boys and men

A

Masculinity

208
Q

A set of attributes, behaviors and roles generally associated with girls and women

A

Femininity

209
Q

We learn societies’ prescribed gender roles
from _

A

the day we are conceived

210
Q

The attitudes and behaviors that are
considered to be masculine and feminine in a particular culture

A

Gender Roles

211
Q

Gender roles in relation to family has _

A

changed over
time

212
Q

Male Roles

A

1) Allowed to embrace some aspects of femineity
2) Allowed to be more sensitive/emotional and less aggressive
3) Increased involvement with family life

213
Q

Female Roles

A

1) Socialize outside the house and public life (Girls Night)
2) Athletic does not detract from femininity
3) Still primarily in charge of “private sphere“ of life

214
Q

We know that there is much work to do in many
realms
- Yet access does not mean _
- Progress to egalitarian gender norms are far from complete

A

equality

215
Q

Gender Wage Gap:
Even when doing the same exact jobs, earn _ than men

A

5-15% less

216
Q

The difference between the earnings of women who work full-time year-round as a groups and those of men who work full-time year round as a group

A

Gender Wage Gap

217
Q

Gender in the Labor Force:
Women and men do _ jobs
- When ranking the 20 most common occupations for men and women, only 4 occupations were shared

A

different types of

218
Q

The concentration of men
and women in different occupations

A

Occupational Segregation by Gender

219
Q

2 Theories of Occupational Inequality

A
  1. Labor supply factors
  2. Labor demand factors
220
Q

Theories of Occupational Inequality:
Factors that highlight reasons that women or men may “prefer” particular occupations

A

Labor supply factors

221
Q

Theories of Occupational Inequality:
Factors that highlight the needs and preferences of the employer

A

Labor demand factors

222
Q

Gender and Higher Education:
- Today, data suggests _ are more invested
in education _
– Exclusion —> Segregation —> Full Inclusion

A
  • women
  • than men
223
Q

Gender and Higher Education:
Now _ are more likely than _ to enroll in college, stay in college, and earn a degree

A
  • women
  • men
224
Q

Reasons women are attending college
in greater numbers than men

A
  • High school graduation rates
  • Technological age
  • Believe in the utility of college
  • Male jobs that do not require degrees pay better than female jobs without college degrees
225
Q

Reasons women are attending college in greater numbers than men:
- Women more likely to leave high school with diploma/honors diploma

A

High School Graduation Rates

226
Q

Reasons women are attending college in greater numbers than men:
- Knowledge is power

A

Technological Age

227
Q

Reasons women are attending college in greater numbers than men:
- surveys on whether school was useful

A

Believe in the utility of college

228
Q

Reasons women are attending college in greater numbers than men:
- Construction
- Labor industry
- Waitress

A

Male jobs that do not require degrees pay better than female jobs without college degrees

229
Q

General Gender Inequality:
An artificial boundary that allows women to see the
benefits of a promotion but face social/structural obstacles to get there

A

Glass Ceiling

230
Q

General Gender Inequality:
The expectations that adult females be concerned with having children and raising them well
- Leads to the perception that women should be thought of as only nurturers

A

Motherhood Mandate – (Russo)

231
Q

General Gender Inequality:
The expectation that working women still
maintain the majority of the domestic duties when in the home

A

Second shift

232
Q

Feminism fights _

A

Sexism

233
Q

The belief that social equality should exist between the sexes

A

Feminism

234
Q

The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other and is therefore justified in having a dominant position

A

Sexism

235
Q

3 types of Feminism

A
  1. Liberal Feminism
  2. socialist Feminism
  3. Radical Feminism
236
Q

Type of Feminism:
The belief that women’s inequality is the result of institutional barriers
- Efforts seek to change intuitional barriers
- First kind

A

Liberal Feminism

237
Q

Type of Feminism:
Women’s inequality is the result of a combination of capitalistic economy and male domination
- Focus on work and money/lack of focus on family is male oriented
- Both must be transformed to bring about equality

A

Socialist Feminism

238
Q

Type of Feminism:
Women’s inequality underlies all other forms of inequality
- The stigma of female influences our ideas about race, ethnicity, poverty, etc…

A

Radical Feminism

239
Q

The ways in which people construct their sexual desires and relationships, including the norms
governing sexual behavior

A

Sexuality

240
Q

A person’s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual

A

Sexual Orientation

241
Q

People whose gender identity, expression, or behaviors differ from their sex at birth or is outside the gender binary

A

Transgender

242
Q

One’s sense of being a man, woman or outside the binary
- Not allowing people to decide has been and still is detrimental

A

Gender Identity

243
Q

True or False?
Income inequality is decreasing in contemporary American society

A

False

244
Q

True or False?
Social mobility is defined an individual’s movement up or down social status levels

A

True

245
Q

True or False?
In some developing countries, more people own cell phones than they do toilets

A

True

246
Q

True or False?
Symbolic analysts are people who work with data in business, government, and other institutions

A

False

247
Q

Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
The theory that criminal behavior is socially learned when deviance is positively reinforced by peers

A

Differential Association

248
Q

Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
The theory that deviance is a result of variations in the cultural norms among different segments of a population

A

Subculture Theory

249
Q

Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
The theory that when there is a discrepancy
between the cultural goals for success and the
means available to achieve those goals, rates or deviance will be high

A

Strain Theory

250
Q

Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
A belief or attitude about a group that is not based in fact and hard to change with evidence

A

Prejudice

251
Q

Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other and is therefore justified in having a dominant position

A

Sexism

252
Q

Match the term to their appropriate definitions:
When people allow race to influence their judgments when there are alternative explanations for our behavior

A

Modern Racism

253
Q

The artificial boundary that allows women to see the benefits of a promotion but face social/structural obstacles to get there is referred to as the ____.
a) motherhood mandate
b) glass ceiling
c) second shift
d) male norm

A

b) glass ceiling

254
Q

Countries that are categorized as “Low Income” by the World Bank, or termed asn “developing countries” by the media, are truly just _____ cultures.
a) agricultural
b) industrialized
c) technological/information age
d) impoverished

A

a) agricultural

255
Q

_______ are a transglobal class of professionals who exercise considerable economic and political power that is not limited by the national borders.
a) Socialists
b) Capitalists
c) The Iron Law of Oligarchy
d) The Global Elite

A

d) The Global Elite

Sociology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions