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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerves
C3, C4, C5

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2
Q

3 Diaphragm Holes:
Vertebral level, what’s in them

A

Esophageal: T10, esophagus, vagus nerves, esoph arteries
Vena Caval Foramen: T8, IVC, Right phrenic nerve
Aortic Hiatus: T12, Aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct.

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3
Q

Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pleura
Potential Space

A

PP: walls of thoracic cavity, sensitive to somatic stimulus.
VP: surface of the lung, insensitive to somatic stimulus, sensitive to visceral pain and stretch reflex.
PS: filled with serous fluid to surface tension; VP and PP can adhere and still slide across each other.

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4
Q

Pneumothorax and treatment

A

Parietal and visceral pleura get separated, lung deflates.
Treated with thoracostomy: tube inserted between mid and anterior axillary lines to remove air or fluid.

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5
Q

Right Lung Lobes and Fissures

A

Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobes.
Horizontal fissure separates the superior and middle, the oblique separates the inferior from the other two.

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6
Q

Left Lung Lobes and Fissures

A

Superior and Inferior lobes, separated by the oblique fissure.

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7
Q

Branches of the Bronchial Tree

A

Trachea: C shaped cartilage
Primary Bronchi: separate into each lung, right is bigger and more vertical.
Lobar bronchi (sec): supply for each lobe, 3 on R, 2 on L
Segmental Bronchi (tert): broncho-pulmonary segment.
Bronchioles: branches from seg bronchi, no cartilage, only smooth muscle.

Segmental organization of lungs means that a lobe can be removed without affecting others.

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8
Q

Mucociliary Clearance

A

Inhaled particles are trapped by mucous and transported to the pharynx to be coughed out.

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9
Q

3 Types of Alveolar Cells/Pneumocytes

A

Type 1: Gas exchange
Type 2: produces pulmonary surfactant
Alveolar dust cell/macrophage: gets rid of M/O and dust

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10
Q

Pneumoconiosis and the 3 types

A

Inhalation and retention of particles in the lungs.
Anthracosis: carbon from smoke or pollution.
Silicosis: crystalline silica dusts.
Asbestosis: asbestos fibers.

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11
Q

Pulmonary Innervation (PS and S)

A

PS: vagus nerve, constricts bronchioles and vessels.
S: cardiac plexus, dilates bronchioles and vessels.

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12
Q

Structures found the Atria

A

pectinate muscles (only in R)
fossa ovalis
vein openings: VC in R, Pulm in L

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13
Q

Structures found in the Ventricles

A

trabeculae carnae
papillary muscles (number corresponds to tri/bicuspid valve)
chordae tendinae (connect PMs to valves)

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14
Q

Cardiac tamponade and treatment

A

Accumulation of fluid in pericardium that prevents the heart from expanding fully. It is treated with pericardiocentesis: inserting a needle at the apex to withdraw fluid.

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15
Q

Right Coronary Artery blood supply and branches

A

Supplies the R atrium and ventricle and the right aortic sinus.
Nodal branch (SA node)
Marginal branch (diaphragmatic surface)
Posterior Interventricular branch (wraps around to post side)

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16
Q

Left Coronary Artery blood supply and branches

A

Supplies left atrium, ventricle, and aortic sinus.
Circumflex branch (branches left)
Anterior Interventricular branch (aka LAD, branches right down anterior surface)

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17
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

A

Using blood vessels from other parts of the body to bypass blocked coronary artery.

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18
Q

Systole vs. Diastole

A

S: contraction of ventricles, ejection of blood
D: ventricular relaxation, ventricles fill with blood

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19
Q

SA Node (4)

A

Cardiac Pacemaker
embedded in wall of RA
influenced by ANS (vagus)
travels to AV node through internodal pathways.

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20
Q

AV Node (and beyond)

A

Floor of RA
Signal travels from AV node to AV bundle (His)
AV bundle travels along IV septum and divides into R and L bundle branches
The bundle branches send impulses to the Purkinje fibers

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21
Q

Myocardial Infarction Referred Pain

A

Dying cardiac cells stimulate visceral afferents that enter T1-T4.
Somatic sensory fibers also enter the cord via posterior roots at this level.
The brain is unable to distinguish these signals, so it is perceived as left chest/arm pain.

22
Q

Brachiocephalic Vein Branches

A

subclavian veins and internal jugular veins

23
Q

Brachiocephalic Artery
Left Common Carotid/Subclavian

A

First branch off of aorta
Branches into right common carotid and right subclavian

Left common carotid and subclavian branch directly off of aorta after BA.

24
Q

SVC and IVC

A

SVC: formed from union of brachiocephalic veins; drains head, neck, upper limbs, receives blood from azygous vein
IVC: passes through diaphragm and liver; drains abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and lower limbs.

25
Q

Branches off of:
Ascending Aorta
Aortic Arch
Descending Aorta

A

Asc: coronary arteries
Arch: (ligamentum arteriosum), brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian.
Desc: bronchial, esophageal arteries, pericardial arteries, phrenic arteries, intercostal arteries. Terminal splits into two common iliac arteries.

26
Q

Azygous and Hemiazygous veinous drainage

A

A: right side, drains right intercostal veins, connects SVC to IVC.
H: left side, drains T6 and down, comes from abdomen (left renal)

27
Q

3 esophageal constrictions

A

Beginning (C6)
Left bronchus
Diaphragm (T10)

28
Q

Functions of the Peritoneum

A

Blood and lymph vessels, nerves
Lubrication
Suspension of Organs
Limits spread of infection via adhesions

29
Q

Components and Main BS of the Foregut

A

Esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, first half of duodenum
Celiac trunk

30
Q

Components and BS of the Midgut

A

Second half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, appendix, first 2/3 of colon
Superior mesenteric artery

31
Q

Components and BS of the Hindgut

A

Last 1/3 of colon including rectum
Inferior mesenteric artery

32
Q

Parts of the Duodenum

A

Superior: has to neutralize chyme
Descending: major duodenal papilla (entrance for bile and pancreatic secretions)
Transverse
Ascending: ends at duodenojejunal junction

33
Q

Characteristics of the Jejunum

A

Left upper quadrant
larger lumen with thicker wall
folded lining

34
Q

Characteristics of the Ileum

A

Right lower quadrant
thin walled
less prominent mucosal folds
ileocecal junction at end

35
Q

2 Anal Sphincters and Dentate Line

A

IAS: involuntary
EAS: voluntary
Below the dentate line, it is body wall and not GI, and it is highly sensitive.

36
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Right and left hepatic ducts combine to form common hepatic duct.
The cystic duct joins the CHD to form the common bile duct.
The main pancreatic duct joins the CBD at the heapticopancreatic ampulla. This enters in through the major duodenal papilla.

37
Q

Vasculature of the Stomach:
Fundus, GC, LC

A

Fundus: short gastric arteries; branch from splenic
Greater Curvature: L gastroomental (splenic); R gastroomental (gastroduodenal).
Lesser curvature: L gastric (celiac trunk); R gastric (common hepatic).

38
Q

3 Branches of Celiac Trunk

A

Common hepatic artery, splenic artery, left gastric artery.

39
Q

Muscles in the bladder (2)

A

Detrusor: smooth muscle; contracts from top down to push out urine.
Internal urethral sphincter: smooth muscle, involuntary.

40
Q

3 Regions of Male Urethra

A

Prostatic- right after bladder.
Membranous- small, right after prostate.
Penile/spongy- longest.

41
Q

Urination Process

A

Stretch receptors in the bladder activate PS motor neurons (S2-
S4).
The detrusor muscle contracts and brain gets urge to urinate.
The internal urethral sphincter involuntarily relaxes and the external voluntarily relaxes.

42
Q

Male vs. Female Pelvic Bones

A

Male: opening is smaller and more obstructed, pubic arch is V shaped.
Female: opening is larger and less obstructed, pubic arch is U shaped.

43
Q

Levator Ani Muscle

A

Makes up majority of pelvic diaphragm/floor.
Innervated by S2-S4 ventral rami, including pudendal nerve.
It supports pelvic contents and provides continence.

44
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

When there is damage to the fallopian tube that prevents the embryo from implanting in the uterine cavity, and the embryo implants outside of the uterus. It can implant into the ampulla, which can cause it to rupture.

45
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

veinous plexus for the testicles; surrounds the spermatic cord.

46
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

extension of internal abdominal oblique; raises and lowers the scrotum for optimal temperature.

47
Q

Path of Sperm from Epididymis

A

Vas deferens
Joined by seminal vesicles: produce seminal fluid that nourishes sperm and allows motility
Enters prostate through ejaculatory ducts where more parts of seminal fluid are added.
Out through urethra.

48
Q

Pelvic Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Innervation

A

PS: pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4). Vasodilators, bladder contraction, erection, increase colon activity, IAS relaxation.
S: Sacral splanchnic nerves. vasoconstrictors, contract urethral sphincter, repro glands, IAS, ejaculation.

49
Q

Where to listen on the chest for heart valves

A

Aortic valve: Right 2nd IS
Pulmonary valve: Left 2nd IS
Tricuspid: deep to sternum
Bicuspid: Left 5th IS

50
Q

Autonomic Pathways to the foregut

A

PS: vagus nerve, travels down esophagus as esoph plexus and synapses with enteric neuron on stomach wall.
S: Preganglionic neurons T5-T9 (called greater splanchnics), synapse at celiac ganglion; postganglionic travels to wall of stomach.

51
Q

Autonomic Pathways to the midgut

A

PS: vagus nerve fibers synapse at myenteric ganglia on walls of intestines; postganglionic fibers travel short distance.
S: preganglionic fibers are greater and lesser splanchnics (T5-T11); synapse at superior mesenteric ganglia.

52
Q

Autonomic Pathways to the hindgut

A

PS: preganglionic fibers are pelvic splanchnics (S2-S4).
S: Preganglionic fibers are lumbar splancnics (L1-L2)

Anatomy (5 decks)

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