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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior/Posterior

A

A: front
P: back

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2
Q

Dorsal/Ventral

A

Dorsal: back
Ventral: front

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3
Q

Cranial/Caudal

A

Cranial: toward the head
Caudal: away from the head

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4
Q

Medial/Lateral

A

Medial: toward the midline
Lateral: away from the midline

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5
Q

Proximal/Distal

A

On limbs
P: toward the body
D: away from the body

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6
Q

Superficial/Deep

A

S: toward the surface
D: deeper into the body

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7
Q

Median Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves
There is also a median plane for the hands and feet.

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8
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into uneven right and left halves.

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9
Q

Frontal or Coronal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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10
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

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11
Q

Supine/Prone

A

S: lying on back
P: lying on front

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12
Q

Flexion vs. Extension

A

F: bringing two sides closer together
E: moving two sides farther away

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13
Q

Opposition vs Reposition

A

O: touching thumb to another finger
R: Reverse, separating thumb from finger

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14
Q

Supination vs Pronation

A

Forearms twisting
S: Palm up
P: Palm down

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15
Q

Abduction vs Adduction

A

Ab: moving limb away from the midline
Ad: moving limb toward the midline

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16
Q

Lateral/Medial Rotation

A

Lateral: rotating away from the midline
Medial: rotating toward the midline

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17
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of a limb

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18
Q

Inversion vs Eversion

A

I: tilting the foot so the plantar surface faces the midline
E: plantar surface facing away from the midline

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19
Q

Elevation vs Depression

A

Shoulders, Mandible
E: moving something up
D: moving it down

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20
Q

Protrusion vs. Retrusion

A

Mandible
P: moving it straight out or ahead
R: moving it backwards

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21
Q

Protraction vs. Retraction

A

Shoulders
P: moving them forward
R: moving them backwards

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22
Q

Apical/Basal Surfaces in Epithelia

A

A: exterior
B: basement membrane, connects epithelium to connective tissue

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23
Q

3 Specialized Epithelial Cells

A

Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption
Cilia: move substances over apical surface
Stereocilia: long microvilli used for mechanosensing in the inner ear

24
Q

4 Epithelial Cell Shapes

A

Squamous: flat
Cuboidal: cube
Columnar: taller than wide
Transitional: changes shape under pressure

25
Q

4 Epithelial Cell Layer Arrangements

A

Simple: single layer
Stratified: multiple layers
Pseudostratified: single layer appearing to be stratified
Transitional

26
Q

3 Secretory Mechanisms for Glandular Epithelia

A

Merocrine: exocytosis of small vesicles
Apocrine: apical portion of cell is lost along with some cytoplasm
Holocrine: bursting of glandular cells

27
Q

3 Types of Connective Tissue Proper

A

Loose: low fiber content, most superficial fascia
Dense Regular: high fiber content arranged linearly to resist linear force; deep fascia surrounding muscle groups, tendons, ligaments
Dense Irregular: high fiber content in multiple directions to resist force in mult directions; capsules of liver and spleen, nerve sheeths, dermis

28
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline: smooth and glassy, reduces friction between bone surfaces
Fibrous: resists compression while preventing bone to bone contact; intervertebral discs, menisci of knee
Elastic: flexible support of structures; external ear, epiglottis

29
Q

Keratinized vs Nonkeratinized

A

K: no liquid; skin
NK: usually wet; mouth, vagina

30
Q

Epidermis General Info (4)

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epith
5 cell layers
Cells move SF as growth occurs
Avascular so doesn’t heal well (peeling)

31
Q

5 Layers of the Epidermis

A

SF to Deep
Stratum corneum- cells are “bags of keratin”, Kerat combined with glycolipid to add water resistance, soft Keratin
Stratum Lucidum-present only in thick skin (soles of feet), high conc of immature kerat, most cellular organelles disrupted
Stratum Granulosum- cells become flattened, keratohyalin granules present (packed with immature keratin), cells begin dying
Stratum Spinosum- primarily keratinocytes (prickle cells), desmosomes, responsible for mechanical strength of skin
Stratum Germinativum (Basale)- single layer of cells on BM that divide and migrate up, cuboidal/columnar shape, include keratinocytes and melanocytes.

32
Q

Dermis General Info

A

Dense irregular cx tissue under epidermis.
Dermal/epidermal junction is irregular; epidermal ridges, dermal papillae, and dermal ridges.
2 layers: papillary layer and reticular layer.

33
Q

Hypodermis

A

Loose Cx tissue: immune system, blood cells, adipocytes.
Indistinct boundary with dermis.
Superficial fascia.

34
Q

Parts of the Nail:
Matrix
Nail plate/body
Nail bed
Eponychium
Hyponychium

A

M: germinative zone, nail starts to grow and pushes dead cells forward
NP: dead cells containing keratin
NB: skin deep to fingernail
E: thick skin, aka cuticle
H: skin under the free edge of the nail.

35
Q

Vertebra Prominens
Post Median Furrow
Venusian Dimples

A

VP: Spinous process of C7, base of neck
PMF: where skin connects to spinous processes
VD: dimples at bottom of back, posterior superior iliac spine

36
Q

Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis

A

S: excessive lateral flexion
K: excessive thoracic flexion (old lady)
L: excessive lumbar extension (pregnant)

37
Q

Annulus Fibrosus
Nucleus Pulposus
Herniated disk

A

AF: fibrocartilage, shock absorber
NP: jelly-like, holds water, can swell during recumbency
HD: NP escapes AF and touches spinal cord

38
Q

Transverse foramina/Foramen Transversarium

A

Holes in the TPs of cervical vertebra that hold the vertebral arteries.

39
Q

Atlas & Axis

A

Atlas: C1, no body, has superior articular facets that articulate with skull at the occipital condyles (atlantooccipital joint).
Axis: C2, has a body, dens/odontoid process that is the pivot around which the head can rotate together with the atlas.

40
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae
Ligamentum Flavum

A

LN: runs posterior to cervical spine from EOP to vertebra prominens.
LF: runs along lamina of vertebra, prevents excessive distance between lamina.

41
Q

Anterior/Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments

A

Run ant/post to vertebral bodies.

42
Q

Trapezius Muscle:
Attachments
Functions
Innervation

A

A: medial third of sup nuchal line; EOP; Ligamentum nuchae; lateral third of clavicle; acromion, spine of scapula.
F: Shoulders- elevation, depression, retraction, rotation of scapula.
I: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), spinal nerves C3 and C4.

43
Q

Latissimus Dorsi:
Attachments, Function, Innervation, Blood Supply

A

A: thoracolumbar fascia; T7 to sacrum; inf angle of scapula; iliac crest; lower ribs; humerus.
F: extension, adduction, and medial rotation of the humerous.
I: thoracodorsal nerve
BS: thoracodorsal artery

44
Q

Levator Scapulae:
Attachments, Functions, Innervation, Blood Supply

A

A: vertebral border of scapula above spine; transverse processes of C1-C4.
F: elevation of scapula.
I: dorsal scapular nerve
BS: dorsal scapular artery.

45
Q

Rhomboid Major/Minor:
Attachments, Functions, Innervation, Blood Supply

A

A: minor at root of scapular spine & lig nuch and spinous process of C7; major below scapular spine and spinous processes C7-T4.
F: retraction and rotation of scapula/shoulder.
I: dorsal scapular nerve
BS: dorsal scapular artery.

46
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior/Inferior:
A, F, I

A

A: Spinous process and ribs
F: Sup- forced inhalation; Inf- forced exhalation.
I: intercostal nerves.

47
Q

Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis
A, F

A

Capitis is superior to cervicis.
A: capitis- mastoid process, superior nuchal line, lig nuch; cervicis- TPs of C1-3, SP T3-6.
F: Bilateral extension of the head; Unilateral, ipsilateral head rotation.

48
Q

Erector Spinae Muscles & Attachments

A

Iliocostalis: most lateral; attached from ilium to ribs.
Longissimus: in the middle; attached from the skull to the sacrum.
Spinalis: most medial; in between spinous processes of vertebrae.

49
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

End of spinal cord, start of cauda equina
L1-L2

50
Q

Blood Supply to Female Breast

A

Lateral thoracic artery
Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery
internal thoracic artery (mammillary artery)

51
Q

Pectoralis Major
Attachments, Innervation, Actions

A

At: sternum, clavicle, humerus
In: lateral pectoral nerve, medial pectoral nerve
Act: arm flexion, arm adduction, medial rotation of humerus

52
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

At: ribs, corocoid process
In: medial pectoral nerve
Act: stabilizes scapula, some protraction of scapula

53
Q

Subclavius Muscle

A

At: 1st rib, middle 1/3 of clavicle
In: nerve to subclavius
Ac: somewhat anchors clavicle, not much

54
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

At: ribs, medial border of scapula
In: long thoracic nerve, lies SF to muscle
Action: protraction of scapula and holds it against thoracic wall
Damage to LT nerve can cause “winged scapula”

55
Q

External and Internal Intercostals

A

E: make V shape, raise ribs to inhale
I: make A shape, lower ribs to exhale

56
Q

White vs Gray Communicating Rami

A

White: preganglionic neurons, only sympathetic
Gray: post ganglionic, both symp and PS

57
Q

Movements of each vertebral section

A

C: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
T: flexion, lateral flexion, rotation, limited extension
L: flexion, some extension and lateral flexion, very limited rotation.

Anatomy (5 decks)

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