Exam 2 Flashcards
Active transport ________.
-utilizes energy
-cannot transport molecules against a concentration gradient
-requires cofactors
-cannot reach a saturation point
utilizes energy
Which of the following is NOT a function of integrins?
-Allow diffusion to occur through the plasma membrane
-Communicate between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
-Establish cell polarity
-Glue components of the matrix
Allow diffusion to occur through the plasma membrane
What structures affect cell motility, adhesion, and proliferation?
-Collagen IV
-Integrins
-Proteoglycans
-Basal lamina
integrins
How much of the total body water content is in the intracellular compartment?
-80%
-67%
-50%
-33%
67%
A 0.1 Osm plasma sample would ________.
-inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone
-stimulate the action of osmoreceptors
-be hypertonic to the cells
-stimulate an increase in blood volume
inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone
A solution with an osmolality four times greater than plasma would freeze at ________.
−1.12°C
−0.56°C
−1.68°C
−2.24°C
−2.24°C
Osmotic pressure is a measure of the force needed to ________.
-stop edema
-stop osmosis
-cause osmosis
-open aquaporins
stop osmosis
A cell placed in a 9% saline solution (molecular weight = 58.5g) would ________.
-not change
-crenate
-swell
-Lyse
crenate
The glucose carrier of skeletal muscle is designated as ________.
GLUT4
GLUT2
GLUT3
GLUT5
GLUT4
Facilitated diffusion of a molecule into a cell would be more rapid if the ________.
-concentration of water in the cell decreased
-concentration of the molecule in the cell increased
-cell was isotonic
-concentration of the molecule outside the cell increased
concentration of the molecule outside the cell increased
What type of junctional complex will prohibit paracellular transport?
-Adherens junctions
-Gap junctions
-Desmosomes
-Tight junctions
Tight junctions
Which of the following is NOT a primary active transport pump?
-Proton pump
-GLUT4
-Sodium/potassium pump
-Calcium pump
GLUT4
The primary intracellular cation is ________.
Mg2+
Ca2+
K+
Na+
K+
If the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ was 10mEq/L and the extracellular concentration was 150mEq/L, the Ca2+ equilibrium potential would be ________.
−35.9mV
−71.8mV
+71.8mV
+35.9mV
+35.9mV
Most cells have a resting membrane potential between ________.
+65mV and +90mV
+60mV and −90mV
−65mV and −85mV
−60mV and −90mV
−65mV and −85mV
The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for ________.
calcium ions
sodium ions
potassium ions
chloride ions
potassium ions
To exert effects on its target cell, ________ would require a second messenger.
-epinephrine and acetylcholine
-acetylcholine
-epinephrine
-nitric oxide
epinephrine and acetylcholine
Which of the following is NOT a G-protein?
Beta
Alpha
Gamma
Delta
Delta
Where is the receptor for a nonpolar, lipid-soluble regulatory molecule?
-Embedded in the outer surface of the plasma membrane
-Embedded in the inner surface of the plasma membrane
-In the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell
-All of the choices are correct.
In the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell
What determines how a regulatory molecule influences its target cell?
-All of the choices are correct.
-Solubility
-Polarity
-Presence of receptor proteins for the regulatory molecule
All of the choices are correct.
Passive transport of water is known as ________.
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
filtration
a water pump
osmosis
Which of the following types of transport does not require membrane proteins?
Bulk
Simple diffusion
Active
Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
Matrix metalloproteinases ________.
-synthesize collagen in the extracellular matrix
-may be active in invasive cancer cells
-produce the basal lamina
-synthesize proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix
may be active in invasive cancer cells
Diffusion ________ the entropy of a solution.
-increases
-does not change
-Decreases
increases
The rate of diffusion is influenced by ________.
-the concentration gradient
-membrane permeability
-membrane surface area
-All of the choices are correct
All of the choices are correct
How do small molecules like Na+ of K+ pass through the plasma membrane?
-Ion channels
-Gated channels
-Simple diffusion
-Carrier proteins
Ion channels
A solution consists of a ________ which dissolves the ________.
-solute; solvent
-solvent; solute
-solvent; solid
-liquid; solid
solvent; solute
The transport of amino acids across epithelial membranes requires the ________.
-facilitated diffusion
-Na+/H+ pump
-Ca2+ pump
-Na+/K+ pump
Na+/H+ pump
Which of the following is a function of the steep Na+/K+ gradient across the cell membrane?
-Provides energy for coupled transport
-Creates electrochemical gradient
-Maintains osmotic pressure
-All of the choices are correct
All of the choices are correct
Where are GLUT carriers located in an unstimulated muscle fiber?
-In the plasma membrane facing the external environment
-Within cytoplasmic vesicles
-In the plasma membrane facing the internal environment
-There are no GLUT carriers present
Within cytoplasmic vesicles
Why does adding glucose to oral rehydration therapy solutions result in more rapid recovery from dehydration?
-Adding glucuose causes secondary active transport of sodium across the epithelial membrane of the intestine.
-The presence of glucose increases the intestinal absorption of Na+ and water through an increased osmotic effect.
-Glucose is used to supply energy for the active transport of sodium and water across the epithelial membrane of the intestine.
-All of the choices are correct.
The presence of glucose increases the intestinal absorption of Na+ and water through an increased osmotic effect.
The Na+/K+ pump ________.
-is an example of secondary active transport
-establishes equal concentrations of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane
-contributes to the maintenance of the negative resting membrane potential
-exchanges three potassium for every two sodium molecules
contributes to the maintenance of the negative resting membrane potential
If the Na+/K+ pump did not function, the ________ of the cell would become more ________.
-resting membrane potential would be zero.
-interior; negatively-charged
-interior; positively-charged
-exterior; positively-charged
interior; positively-charged
Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP?
-It activates enzymes inside a cell to produce the desired effect.
-It is made from ATP.
-It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.
-It is a second messenger for polar regulatory molecules.
It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.
What structures are used for direct cell to cell signaling?
-Desmosomes
-Exocytosis vesicles
-Tight junctions
-Gap junctions
Gap junctions
Which of the following is NOT a general category of cell signaling molecules?
-Paracrine signaling
-Enzymatic signaling
-Synaptic signaling
-Endocrine signaling
Enzymatic signaling
Proteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within the cell, through the plasma membrane, and into the extracellular matrix are ________.
-integrin proteins
-transport proteins
-receptor proteins
-lysosomal proteins
integrin proteins
Which of the following is NOT true of a person who is dehydrated?
-ADH causes the kidneys to excrete water
-Hypothalamus stimulates release of ADH
-Plasma osmolality increases
-Increased osmolality causes thirst
ADH causes the kidneys to excrete water
Plasma freezes at ________.
−0.56°C
−1.86°C
−1.00°C
-0.00°C
−0.56°C
What cofactor do matrix metalloproteinases need to be functional?
-Calcium
-Chromium
-Copper
-Zinc
Zinc
The Na+/K+ pump transports ________ into the cell and ________ out of the cell per cycle.
2Na+;3K+
2K+;3Na+
3Na+;2K+
3K+;2Na+
2K+;3Na+
How much of the extracellular fluid comes from blood plasma?
20%
92%
33%
50%
20%
Which of the following organs do NOT normally have many aquaporins in the plasma membranes of their cells?
-Skin
-Lungs
-Salivary glands
-Kidneys
Skin
The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly related to its ________ concentration.
-matrix
-solute
-solvent
-water
solute
Channels present in the membranes of some cells that allow rapid movement of water are called ________.
-aquaporins
-water tubes
-aqueducts
-streams
aquaporins
The transport maximum is related to the property known as ________.
-inhibition
-specificity
-saturation
-competition
saturation
A membrane that allows only certain molecules to pass through it is called ________.
-countertransport
-porous
-permeable
-selectively permeable
selectively permeable
The ATPase enzyme ________.
-hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi
-powers endocytosis
-couples Na+ to glucose
-adds a Pi to ADP
hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi
Protein carrier-mediated transport of molecules display ________.
-specificity
-competition
-saturation
-All of the choices are correct
All of the choices are correct
Transport of materials through an epithelial cell is called ________.
-transcellular transport
-exocytosis
-bulk transport
-paracellular transport
transcellular transport
The sodium equilibrium potential using an extracellular Na+ concentration of 145 mEq/L and an intracellular concentration of 14 mEq/L would be approximately ________.
+62mV
+90mV
−90mV
−62mV
+62mV
Hyperkalemia would ________ the resting membrane potential of the cell.
-reverse
-have no effect on
-increase
-decrease
decrease
What type of cell signaling uses neurotransmitters to innervate its target organ?
-Paracrine signaling
-Gap junctions
-Synaptic signaling
-Endocrine signaling
Synaptic signaling
Choose the correct description of the Na+/K+ pump.
-It generates a positive membrane potential.
-It actively transports 3 sodium ions into the cell.
-It is an example of primary active transport.
-It actively transports 2 potassium ions out of the cell
It is an example of primary active transport.
A 0.5M glucose (molecular weight = 180g) contains ________ grams of glucose per liter.
180
6.02 × 10^23
90
360
90
Cerebral edema would be treated with a(an) ________ intravenous solution of mannitol.
-isotonic
-hypotonic
-hypertonic
hypertonic
What type of cell signaling occurs through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells?
-Gap junctions
-Paracrine signaling
-Synaptic signaling
-Endocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Dialysis uses the process of ________.
-simple diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-primary active transport
-secondary active transport
simple diffusion
Inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis could ________.
-prevent diabetes mellitus
-induce diabetes mellitus
-induce Hypercholesterolemia
-prevent Hypercholesterolemia
induce Hypercholesterolemia
Where is the G-protein complex when a regulatory molecule is not bound to its receptor?
-The alpha subunit is attached to the inner surface of the receptor.
-The beta and gamma subunits are attached to the inner surface of the receptor.
-The three subunits are together but not attached to the inner surface of the receptor.
-The three subunits are together AND attached to the inner surface of the receptor.
The three subunits are together AND attached to the inner surface of the receptor
What molecules pass information from the polar regulatory molecule receptor to activate the enzymes that produce cAMP?
-Paracrines
-G-proteins
-GTP
-None of the choices are correct.
G-proteins
Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will ________.
-decrease in volume
-lose water to the solution
-increase in volume
-increase intracellular solute concentration
increase in volume
Why are cells in body organs generally within 100 μm of a blood capillary?
-A larger distance maximizes entropy
-So that larger particles can diffuse more easily
-To increase mean diffusion time
-To decrease mean diffusion time
To decrease mean diffusion time
Active transport carriers are also called ________.
-vesicles
-channels
-receptors
-pumps
pumps
Glucose transported via the GLUT carrier is characterized as ________.
-active transport
-receptor-mediated endocytosis
-co-transport
-passive transport
passive transport
Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP?
-It is made from ATP.
-It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.
-It is a second messenger for polar regulatory molecules.
-It activates enzymes inside a cell to produce the desired effect
It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.
How many grams of sucrose (mw= 342g) would need to be added to 1L of water to produce a 2.5 Osm solution?
342
855
2.5
500
855
Regardless of solubility, a cell signaling molecule could not affect a target cell without____
-Being attached to another cell
-A second messenger in the plasma membrane
-Specific receptor proteins within the cell or in the plasma membrane
-All of the choices are correct
Specific receptor proteins within the cell or in the plasma membrane
Ion channels that can be opened by physiological stimuli are said to be ________.
-Hypertonic
-Polar
- Gated
-Aquaporins
Gated
Poisoning that disables the Na+/K+ pump would cause the volume of the cell to _______.
-Decrease
-Increase
-Remain the same
Increase
In secondary active transport, if the other substance is moved in the same direction as Na+, it is called _____.
-Antiport
-Symport
-Cotransport
-Cotransport and symport are both correct.
Cotransport and symport are both correct.
Secondary active transport___.
-always moves molecules in the same direction as sodium ions.
-requires the influx of sodium ions
-utilizes energy directly through the hydrolysis of ATP
-only occurs in the kidney
requires the influx of sodium ions
The class of glycoproteins which bond to components in the extracellular matrix, thereby acting as adhesion molecules between cells and the matrix are called ______.
-Glycocalyces
-Aquaporins
-Integrins
-Desmosomes
Integrins
The majority of water within the body is found in the ______.
-Extracellular compartment
-Interstitial fluid
-Intracellular compartment
-Blood plasma
Intracellular compartment
Which of the following is able to passively penetrate the plasma membrane (without a transport protein)?
-O2
-Small charged particles
-Larger polar molecules
-All of the choices are correct
O2
A six molar sucrose (molecular weight = 342g) solution would contain ___________.
342g sucrose per liter
2052g sucrose per liter
1026g sucrose per liter
57g sucrose per liter
2052g sucrose per liter
Glycosuria would occur if the ________ of the renal glucose transport protein is exceeded.
-Transport maximum
-Saturation level
-Transport maximum or saturation level
-Transport minimum
Transport maximum or saturation level
The transport of molecules out of the urinary filtrate and into the blood is called ________.
-absorption
-reabsorption
-countertransport
-symport
reabsorption
What structure, found surrounding PNS axons, is NOT found surrounding CNS axons?
-Plasma membrane
-Nodes of Ranvier
-Myelin sheath
-Neurilemma
Neurilemma
The term “white matter” refers to ________.
-nonmyelinated axons in the CNS
-myelinated axons in the PNS
-nonmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS
-myelinated axons in the CNS
myelinated axons in the CNS
A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a ________.
-tract
-neuron
-bundle
-Nerve
tract
What is NOT true of the relative refractory period?
-K+ is moving out of the axon through its open channels
-Na+ channels are inactivated
-A strong stimulus could cause a depolarization
-Many Na+ channels are returning to a closed state
Na+ channels are inactivated
Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is called ________.
-cable conduction
-saltatory conduction
-refractory conduction
-point to point conduction
saltatory conduction
How do neurons code for a greater response?
-Greater Na+ concentration gradient
-Greater amplitude of stimuli
-Increased frequency of stimuli
-More active Na+/K+ pump
Increased frequency of stimuli
Neurotransmitter action could be prevented, or disrupted, if a drug or other agent ________.
-blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane
-increased the expression of CAMs in the postsynaptic membrane
-decreased the concentration of SNARE complexes in the postsynaptic cell
-decreased the distance between the pre- and postsynaptic membranes
blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane
What action would produce an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane?
-Outflow of K+ ions
-Opening of Ca2+ channels into the neuron
-Influx of Na+ ions
-Opening of Cl- channels into the neuron
Opening of Cl- channels into the neuron
Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by ________.
-stimulating protein kinase activity
-blocking repolarization of the axon terminal
-blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal
stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal
blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal
Curare is a competitive ACh antagonist at ________ ACh receptors.
-muscarinic
-nicotinic
-NMDA
-Kainate
nicotinic
What is the action of the binding of muscarine to its receptors in the digestive system?
-Beta-gamma subunits bind to K+ channels, open them, leading to hyperpolarization.
-Alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization.
-Alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, open them, leading to hyperpolarization.
-Beta-gamma subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization.
Alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization
Acetylcholine ________.
-is always an excitatory neurotransmitter
-can bind to nicotinic receptors
-is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released by motor neurons
-can bind to adrenergic receptors
can bind to nicotinic receptors
Neuroleptics, which are used to treat schizophrenia, are ________.
-glutamate agonists
-dopamine agonists
-dopamine antagonists
-ACh antagonists
dopamine antagonists
Which of the following is NOT classified as a catecholamine?
-Dopamine
-Epinephrine
-Histamine
-Norepinephrine
Histamine
Endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters, meaning they are ________.
-released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron
-released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron
-released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse back to the presynaptic cell body
-None of the choices are correct.
released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron
Where is glycine released?
-from the motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles
-In the CNS
-In the PNS
-At the diaphragm
In the CNS
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are produced in the brain primarily by ________.
-glutamate
-glycine
-benzodiazepines
-gamma-aminobutyric acid
glutamate
Which of the following is NOT true of long-term potentiation (LTP)?
-Repeated stimulation enhance excitability
-Associated with insertion of AMPA glutamate receptors
-Associated with the removal of AMPA glutamate receptors
-It is a form of synaptic plasticity
Associated with the removal of AMPA glutamate receptors
Temporal summation ________.
-occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell
-only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
-occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly
-only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials
occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly
Enhancing the excitability of a synapse so that transmission is favored along certain pathways is called ________.
-synaptic plasticity
-summation
-excitotoxicity
-long-term potentiation
long-term potentiation
Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid?
-Microglia
-Oligodendrocytes
-Satellite cells
-Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells
Choose the statement that correctly describes the structure or function of dendrites.
-Are thin extensions of the axon
-Release neurotransmitters to initiate graded potentials in adjacent cells
-Transmit graded electrochemical impulses toward the cell body
Transmit graded electrochemical impulses toward the cell body
Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors?
-Somatic nervous system
-Autonomic Nervous system
-Central nervous system
Autonomic Nervous system
The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ______ ions than _____ ions.
-Potassium; sodium
-Chloride; potassium
-Calcium; potassium
-Sodium potassium
Potassium; sodium
What is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential, with all ions in the current locations?
-Influx of negatively charged ions into the cell
-Outflow of Na+ ions via passive ion channels
-Outflow of K+ ions via passive ion channels
-Na+/K+ pump action
Na+/K+ pump action
Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called__
-Potential-gated channels
-Stimulation-gated channels
-Voltage-gated channels
-Ion-gated channels
Voltage-gated channels
The synapses which occur between axons of presynaptic cells and dendrites of postsynaptic cells are called___.
-Axodendritic
-Axoaxonic
-Myoneural
-axosomatic
Axodendritic
The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by ________.
-ependymal cells
-oligodendrocytes
-leukocytes
-Schwann cells
Schwann cells
Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed ________.
-Schwann cells
-astrocytes
-satellite cells
-ependymal cells
satellite cells
The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the ________.
-White matter
-Sheath of schwann
-Node of Ranvier
-Neurilemma
Node of Ranvier
A drug that blocked ligand-gated ________ channels would prevent neuron ________.
-Na+; depolarization
-Na+; hyperpolarization
-K+; depolarization
-Ca2+; repolarization
Na+; depolarization
In order to prevent a patient from experiencing pain, local anesthetics must ________ in sensory neurons, which would prevent an action potential.
-bind to potassium channels
-inhibit the release of acetylcholine
-bind to sodium channels
-bind to calcium channels
bind to sodium channels
Botulism toxin prevents release of ACh, causing
-Flaccid paralysis
-Hemiplegia
-Spastic paralysis
-None of the choices are correct
Flaccid paralysis
Since the action potential “leaps” from node to node in a myelinated axon, ________.
-Na+ movement within the myelin sheath is possible
-Na+ channels are not present between the nodes
-action potentials move faster if the nodes are farther apart
-myelinated axons need far less Na+ channels than unmyelinated axons
Na+ channels are not present between the nodes
The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by___
-ependymal cells
-Schwann cells
-Oligodendrocytes
-leukocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Chemical synapses ________.
-have a delayed impulse transmission
-utilize gap junctions
-do not require the release of neurotransmitters
-occur when two nerve cells are in direct contact with each other
have a delayed impulse transmission
Degeneration of spinal motor neurons in adults may be due to a lack of ________ factor.
-brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF)
-nerve growth (NGF)
-glial-derived neurotrophic (GDNF)
-Neurotrophin-3
glial-derived neurotrophic (GDNF)
Neurotrophins are NOT responsible for ________.
-maintaining sympathetic ganglion
-sustaining neurons that use the neurotransmitter dopamine
-embryonic development of neurons
-regeneration of injured motor neurons
regeneration of injured motor neurons
Synaptic transmission using acetylcholine would be disrupted by ________.
-curare
-Both curare and botulinum toxin are correct.
-Strychnine
-Botulinum toxin
Both curare and botulinum toxin are correct.
Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by ________.
-a 40 mm diameter unmyelinated axon
-a 10 mm diameter myelinated axon
-a 10 mm diameter unmyelinated axon
-a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon
a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon
If the binding of muscarine to its receptor in the heart causes the beta-gamma complex of the G-protein to bind to a K+ channel, ________.
-the K+ channel will open, leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition
-the K+ channel will close, leading to depolarization
-the K+ channel will open, leading to depolarization
-the K+ channel will close, leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition
the K+ channel will open, leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition
The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of ________, a type of neuroglia.
-ependymal cells
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
-astrocytes
astrocytes
What is NOT true of conduction through dendrites and cell bodies of neurons?
-It generates action potentials in the cell body.
-It creates graded potentials.
-EPSPs can summate to reach threshold.
-It creates EPSPs
It generates action potentials in the cell body
If a cell’s membrane is not excitable, this means that ________.
-the cell is a neuron
-the cell cannot vary the permeability of the membrane to specific ions
-the cell does not have a measurable voltage
-the cell exhibit irritability
the cell cannot vary the permeability of the membrane to specific ions
What do muscarine and nicotine have in common?
-They are both agonists for their respective receptors.
-They are both always excitatory.
-They both activate-protein coupled channels.
-They are both antagonists for their respective receptors.
They are both agonists for their respective receptors.
Hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic cell is caused by___.
-Both inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and movement of K+ out of the cell are correct.
-Movement of K+ out of the cell
-Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
-Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
Both inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and movement of K+ out of the cell are correct
During an action potential ________.
-Na+ influx causes depolarization
-K+ influx causes after-hyperpolarization
-Na+ efflux causes depolarization
-K+ influx causes repolarization
Na+ influx causes depolarization
Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid ________.
-alanine
-glycine
-tryptophan
-serine
tryptophan
Axonal transport ________.
-is a passive process
-can only transport signals in
a retrograde direction
-can occur in both an anterograde and retrograde direction
-has two fast and one slow components
can occur in both an anterograde and retrograde direction
What type of autonomic fibers release ACh at effectors?
-Sensory
-Parasympathetic
-Somatic
-Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Which of the following is NOT an action needed for glutamate to open ion channels?
-NMDA receptor must bind to glycine.
-The membrane must be partially depolarized from the action of a different neurotransmitter.
-Mg2+ is released from NMDA channel to open it.
-Cl- must pass through the open channel.
Cl- must pass through the open channel
Unlike chemical synapses, electrical synapses ________.
-provide adjacent cells with the ability to act in a coordinated fashion
-are not dependent on the movement of ions across a plasma membrane
-are the method of connection between adjacent neurons
-are the method of connection between adjacent neurons
provide adjacent cells with the ability to act in a coordinated fashion
The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the ________.
-threshold
-all-or-none law
-repolarization
-refractory period
threshold
Which of the following are natural analgesics?
-Endorphins
-Enkephalins
-Dynorphins
-All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct
The brain produces lipid neurotransmitters called ________.
-endocannabinoids
-enkephalins
-nitric oxide
-Endorphins
endocannabinoids
Spatial summation ________.
-occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell
-occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly
-only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
-only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials
occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell
Muscarinic ACh receptors act through ________ activation of K+ channels.
-ATP
-cGMP
-G-protein
-M-protein
G-protein
Excitotoxicity is caused by ________.
-excessive synaptic release of glutamate
-insufficient synaptic release of ACh
-insufficient synaptic release of glutamate
-GABA inhibition
excessive synaptic release of glutamate
Cholinergic fibers use ________ as the neurotransmitter.
-acetylcholine
-norepinephrine
-serotonin
-dopamine
acetylcholine
Cocaine is particularly dangerous for patients with cardiovascular disease, or hypertension, because ________.
-it inhibits the degradation of norepinephrine, causing coronary artery constriction
-it blocks the reuptake of serotonin and dopamine, causing excessive bouts of euphoria
-it blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine, causing increased heart rate
-it blocks membrane sodium channels, causing increased EPSPs
it blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine, causing increased heart rate
Inhibition of neuropeptide Y synthesis would ________.
-diminish appetite
-stimulate leptin secretion
-induce euphoria
-induce obesity
diminish appetite
Which poison inhibits glycine receptors?
-Strychnine
-Curare
-Tetrodotoxin
-All of the choices are correct.
Strychnine
What is the predominant effect of stimulation of nicotinic receptors that form ligand-gated channels?
-Inhibition due to influx of Cl- ions
-Inhibition due to outflow of K+ ions
-Stimulation due to influx of Na+ ions
-Stimulation due to outflow of K+ ions
Stimulation due to influx of Na+ ions
As the intensity of a stimulus increases, more axons will become activated. This process is called ________.
-threshold
-refraction
-recruitment
-None of the choices are correct.
recruitment
Acetylcholine usually induces an excitatory postsynaptic potential when binding to ________ receptors and can produce either an excitatory or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential when binding to some ________ receptors.
-NMDA, nicotinic
-muscarinic, nicotinic
-muscarinic, NMDA
-nicotinic, muscarinic
nicotinic, muscarinic
What neurotransmitter is used by neurons with cell bodies in the raphe nuclei along the midline of the brainstem?
-Glycine
-GABA
-Serotonin
-Dopamine
Serotonin
Exogenous and endogenous opioids have both similar and varying effects. Choose the statement that correctly summarizes their differences.
-Like exogenous opioids like morphine, endogenous opioids cause strong feelings of euphoria.
-Exogenous, but not endogenous, can block transmissions of pain.
-Endogenous are found in the CNS, whereas exogenous are released from neurons in the PNS.
-Naloxone has been shown to block the proven actions of both exogenous and endogenous opioids.
Naloxone has been shown to block the proven actions of both exogenous and endogenous opioids.
From which amino acid are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine all derived?
-Tryptophan
-Tyrosine
-Histidine
-Serine
Tyrosine
An axon will depolarize only if the membrane potential reaches between -70mV and -55mV. This follows the ________.
-all-or-none law
-graduated law
-recruitment law
-threshold law
all-or-none law
Catecholamines activate postsynaptic cells by ________.
-increased Ca2+ influx into the target cell
-inhibition of calmodulin
-inhibition of adenylate cyclase
-increased production of cyclic AMP
increased production of cyclic AMP
The ability of synapses to change how they respond to stimuli is known as _______.
-synaptic plasticity
-temporal summation
-EPSP
-spatial summation
synaptic plasticity
Relaxation of cerebral blood vessels would be stimulated by excessive ________ activity.
-Norepinephrine
-Acetylcholine
-nitric oxide
-Glutamate
nitric oxide
Depolarization of an axon is a positive feedback mechanism because ________.
-as more sodium diffuses into the axon, the more voltage-gated potassium channels open
-as more sodium diffuses into the axon, the more voltage-gated sodium channels open
-as more sodium channels open, the membrane potential decreases
-as more potassium channels open, the membrane potential decreases
as more sodium diffuses into the axon, the more voltage-gated sodium channels open
What event(s) could cause presynaptic inhibition?
-Inactivation of Ca2+ channels
-A second neuron causes a reduction in neurotransmitter release from another neuron
-Removal of SNARE complexes
-All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The capacity of synapses for alteration at the molecular level is termed___.
-Synaptic plasticity
-Synaptic capacitance
-Synaptic modulation
-Synaptic alteration
Synaptic plasticity
Neurotransmitters ________.
-are released by endocytosis
-bind to voltage-gated channels
-bind to chemically-gated or ligand-gated channels
-are actively transported across the synaptic cleft
bind to chemically-gated or ligand-gated channels
What type of neural pathway involves one neuron forming synapses with several postsynaptic neurons___.
-Plastic
-Divergent
-Convergent
-Oscillating
Divergent
Acetylcholine can induce hyperpolarization by ________.
-binding to nicotinic receptors
-binding to β-adrenergic receptors
-binding to α-adrenergic receptors
-binding to muscarinic receptors
binding to muscarinic receptors
Muscarinic ACh receptors are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT ________.
-glands
-skeletal muscle
-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
Choose the incorrect statement about norepinephrine.
-It is released in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
-It is released from adrenergic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system.
-Norepinephrine pathways are stimulated by amphetamines.
-It is released by sympathetic neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
It is released from adrenergic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system.
What type of receptors will bind ATP and adenosine?
-Cotransmitter receptors
-Pyrimenergic receptors
-Purinergic receptors
-None of the choices are correct.
Purinergic receptors
The most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue are the _______.
-Astrocytes
-Microglia
-Schwann cells
-Neurons
Astrocytes
What type of proteins are present in gap junctions that form water-filled channels between neurons?
-Myelin
-Connexins
-Terminal boutons
-Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Connexins
Choose the incorrect statement regarding EPSPs.
-They are graded responses.
-They are able to be summated.
-There are initiated by neurotransmitters
-They have a refractory period.
They have a refractory period.
Benzodiazepines act by increasing _________ activity.
-Ach
-Glutamate
-Enkephalin
-GABA
GABA
Both long-term potentiation and long-term depression require the release of ______ from the postsynaptic neuron membrane.
-Cl-
-Mg 2+
-Ca 2+
-K+
Ca 2+
Structural classifications of neurons do NOT include _____.
-Motor neurons
-Pseudounipolar neurons
-Multipolar neurons
-Bipolar neurons
Motor neurons
The average resting membrane potential of an axon is ______.
+30mV
-70mV
0 mV
-85mV
-70mV
Neostigmine, used to treat myasthenia gravis, blocks the enzyme that degrades ______. This helps treat the disease because _________.
-Nicotine; it destroys the anti bodies that block nictinic ACh receptors on the motor end plate.
-Acetylcholine; it increases the amount of acetylcholine available to bind to receptors on the motor end plate.
-Acetylcjoline; it destroys the antibodies that block nicotinic ACh receptors on the motor end plate.
-Norepinephrine; it increases the amount of acetylcholine available to bind to receptors on the motor end plate.
Acetylcholine; it increases the amount of acetylcholine available to bind to receptors on the motor end plate.
Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called ________.
-Neurotransmitters
-Neurotrophins
-Enzymes
-Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicles are docked to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal by a protein complex called ________.
-Synaptotagmins
-Connexins
-SNARE
-Boutons
SNARE
Synaptic plasticity involves structural changes in neurons, such as ________.
-formation of more axon terminals
-formation of dendritic spines
-formation of axillary branches
-mitosis of neurons
formation of dendritic spines
Mutation of the N-methly-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor would affect the ability of ________ to regulate neural function.
-Nitric oxide
-Epinephrine
-Acetylcholine
-Glutamate
Glutamate
Astrocytes are NOT involved in ________.
-uptake of neurotransmitter from a synapse
-stimulation or inhibition neurons
-formation the blood-brain barrier
-formation of synapses in the CNS
-breakdown and engulfment of foreign material in the CNS
breakdown and engulfment of foreign material in the CNS
A patient is prescribed an MAO inhibitor by their doctor. Knowing the actions of MAO inhibitors, this patient’s diagnosis may be ________.
-hypertension, since MAO inhibitors block the degradation of norepinephrine at the synapse
-depression, since MAO inhibitors block the binding of serotonin to postsynaptic cells
-hypertension, since MAO inhibitors block the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic axons
-depression, since MAO inhibitors block the degradation of serotonin at the synapse
depression, since MAO inhibitors block the degradation of serotonin at the synapse
ATP and adenosine can act as neurotransmitters ________.
-when no ACh is available
-when released by adrenergic neurons during sympathetic activation
-after being used for energy by the cell
-All of the choices are correct.
when released by adrenergic neurons during sympathetic activation
The midbrain forms from the ________.
-diencephalon
-mesencephalon
-telencephalon
-myelencephalon
mesencephalon
Riding a bicycle with ease after years of not riding is an example of ________ memory.
-episodic
-working
-procedural
-semantic
procedural
Impaired motor coordination in Parkinson’s disease is often due to ________.
-degeneration of the mesolimbic system
-degeneration of the substantia nigra
-degeneration of the red nucleus
-damage to the caudate nucleus
degeneration of the substantia nigra
Damage to the ________ will cause a lack of motivation and sexual desire as well as deficient cognitive functions.
-amygdaloid body
-lateral prefrontal area
-medial temporal lobe
-hypothalamus
lateral prefrontal area
What is the function of CREB in long-term memory?
-Activates genes to make proteins such as dendritic spines
-Addition of AMPA receptors
-Opens Ca2+ channels
-Draws more glutamate into the neuron
Activates genes to make proteins such as dendritic spines
The basal nuclei include the ________.
-corpus striatum
-supraoptic nucleus
-reticular formation
-All of the choices are correct.
corpus striatum
What substance can act as a retrograde messenger to increase LPT by increasing the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals?
-Ca2+
-ACh
-NO
-Mg2+
NO
What substance can act as a retrograde messenger to suppress release of GABA to contribute to LTP?
-Norepinephrine
-Acetylcholine
-Carbon monoxide
-Endocannabinoid
Endocannabinoid
A dysfunction of ________ neurons would limit the ability to learn from and mimic the dance steps of an instructor.
-motor neurons
-mirror neurons
-sensory neurons
-interneurons
mirror neurons
Releasing and inhibiting hormones are produced in the ________.
-anterior pituitary gland
-posterior pituitary gland
-pineal gland
-hypothalamus
hypothalamus
The majority of sensory information is relayed to the cerebrum by the ________.
-medulla oblongata
-hypothalamus
-thalamus
-pons
thalamus
Neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the hypothalamus release ________ that promotes sleep.
-Histamine
-GABA
-Dopamine
-Acetylcholine
GABA
The medulla oblongata ________.
-contains the nuclei of three cranial nerves
-contains the glossopharyngeal nuclei
-acts only as a relay center
-is continuous with the midbrain
contains the glossopharyngeal nuclei
Which of the following is NOT required to coordinate movement?
-Cerebellum
-Hypothalamus
-Basal nuclei
-Motor cortex
Hypothalamus
The inability to reach out and touch an object with control and accuracy may result from damage to the ________.
-pons
-cerebellum
-midbrain
-cerebrum
cerebellum
A cranial nerve emerging from the pons is damaged. Which deficit in cranial nerve function may be present?
-Loss of vision
-Difficulty swallowing
-Inability to protrude of tongue
-Inability to chew
Inability to chew
Nerve fibers of the ________ tract decussate in the spinal cord and are involved in regulating fine motor movements.
-lateral corticospinal
-anterior spinothalamic
-lateral spinothalamic
-anterior corticospinal
lateral corticospinal
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were to be cut, the individual would ________.
-have no reflexes involving that nerve
-Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve are correct.
-have no sensory perception from that nerve
-have no motor responses for that nerve
Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve are correct.
What is the first structure of a reflex arc?
-Sensory neuron
-Receptor
-Effector (muscles or glands)
-Motor neuron
Receptor
Eye movements would be compromised by damage to the ________.
-vestibulocochlear nerve
-accessory nerve
-trochlear nerve
-vagus nerve
trochlear nerve
Cerebrospinal fluid is found ________.
-within the olfactory bulbs
-Both within the central canal and within the ventricles.
-within the ventricles of the brain
-within the central canal of the spinal cord
Both within the central canal and within the ventricles.
Chorea is most likely to result from damage to the ________.
-premotor cortex
-primary motor cortex
-caudate nucleus
-insula
caudate nucleus
The limbic system, especially the ________ and ________, are rich in “stress hormone” receptors.
-septal nuclei; hippocampus
-cingulated gyrus; amygdaloid body
-hippocampus; amygdaloid body
-caudate nucleus; hippocampus
hippocampus; amygdaloid body
REM sleep is unique from other stages in that ________.
-it causes ideal rest, without emotional activation
-learning from activities during the day occurs
-memory consolidation can occur
-breathing and heart rate mimic the patterns during waking hours
breathing and heart rate mimic the patterns during waking hours
An electroencephalogram obtained from an adult who is thinking would probably display many ________ waves.
-alpha
-delta
-beta
-theta
beta
Damage to the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex causes ________.
-severe impulsive/sociopathic behavior
-memory deficiencies
-cognitive deficiencies
-inhibited fear response
severe impulsive/sociopathic behavior
Choose the complete list of lobes of the cerebrum.
-Temporal, frontal, insula, cerebellum, occipital
-Insula, temporal, parietal, pons, and occipital
-Cerebrum, midbrain, thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata
-Frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occipital
Frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occipital
After an accident, a patient has difficulty moving the limbs on his right side. Damage was most likely sustained by the ________.
-left cerebral cortex
-right cerebral cortex
-left globus pallidus
-Cerebellum
left cerebral cortex
A “word salad” speaking pattern occurs when ________.
-Wernicke’s area is damaged
-the angular gyrus is damaged
-the motor speech area is damaged
-spinal nerves are damaged
Wernicke’s area is damaged
What structure separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
-Corpus callosum
-Central sulcus
-Lateral sulcus
-Longitudinal fissure
Central sulcus
A patient sustains a head injury. He cannot remember the words to a new song on the radio no matter how many times he hears it, but can recite a song he learned in his childhood. He most likely damaged his __________.
-occipital lobe
-frontal lobe
-medial temporal lobe
-inferior parietal lobe
medial temporal lobe
Based on experimental evidence, the ________ hypothalamus acts as the body’s thermostat.
-lateral
-medial
-supraoptic
-preoptic-anterior
preoptic-anterior
In most most individuals, writing skills would be impaired if damage to the ________ occurred.
-left cerebral hemisphere
-None of the choices are correct.
-right cerebral hemisphere
-corpus callosum
left cerebral hemisphere
Which of the following is NOT a vital function of the medulla oblongata?
-Respiratory control
-Vasomotor control
-Cardiac control
-Thirst control
Thirst control
Visual reflexes would be impaired by damage to the ________.
-superior colliculi
-medial geniculate nuclei
-inferior colliculi
-red nucleus
superior colliculi
The ________ is a cerebral lobe that is involved in memory and integration of sensory information (mostly pain) with visceral responses.
-parietal
-temporal
-insula
-frontal
insula
What type of cerebellar cells provide communication to other brain areas?
-Reticular cells
-Pyramidal cells
-Purkinje cells
-Supraoptic cells
Purkinje cells
A spinal cord injury occurs to the posterior spinocerebellar tract on the right side. What deficits would be expected?
-Decreased sensory impulses to the cerebellum on the right side
-Decreased sensory impulses from the cerebellum on the left side
-Decreased sensory impulses to the both sides of the cerebellum
-Decreased sensory impulses from the cerebellum on the right side
Decreased sensory impulses to the cerebellum on the right side
The suprachiasmatic nuclei ________.
-are located in the anterior hypothalamus
-control melatonin secretion from the pineal gland
-contain “clock cells” that have patterns which repeat about every twenty-four hours
-All of the choices are correct
All of the choices are correct
A cranial nerve with only sensory fibers is the ________.
-vagus nerve
-trigeminal nerve
-optic nerve
-hypoglossal nerve
optic nerve
Which cranial nerve is NOT involved with eye movements?
-Abducens
-Optic
-Trochlear
-Oculomotor
Optic
The hypothalamus does NOT ________.
-control body temperature
-control hunger and thirst
-controls the autonomic nervous system
-relay visual and auditory input to the cerebral cortex
relay visual and auditory input to the cerebral cortex
Damage to which cranial nerve would be associated with both sensory and motor deficits?
VII
II
VIII
I
VII
The right side of the brain controls motor activity on the left side of the body because nerve tracts decussate in the ________.
-medulla oblongata
-pons
-midbrain
-thalamus
medulla oblongata
Which brain structure contains two respiratory control centers?
-Midbrain
-Cerebellum
-Epithalamus
-Pons
Pons
Ataxia is often associated with damage to the ________.
-cerebellum
-occipital lobe
-motor cortex
-pyramidal tracts
cerebellum
In the spinal cord, the gray matter is arranged into ________ and the white matter is arranged into ______
-tracts; funiculi
-columns; horns
-horns; funiculi
-funiculi; tracts
horns; funiculi
The function of ________ is to link sensory stimuli with the appropriate motor responses.
-bipolar neurons
-motor neurons
-interneurons
-pseudounipolar neurons
interneurons
What is the function of the motor circuit in the brain?
-Inhibits excessive stimuli from reaching the cerebral cortex
-Allows for intended movements to occur, while controlling unwanted movement
-Helps in the maintenance of posture and balance during movement
-Activates the RAS
Allows for intended movements to occur, while controlling unwanted movement
Recognition of a friend’s face is a function of ________ cerebral hemisphere(s) in most individuals.
-both
-the left
-the right
the right
What condition is caused by a sudden failure of the RAS?
-Narcolepsy
-Insomnia
-Parkinson’s disease
-Alzheimer’s disease
Narcolepsy
Which of the following RAS neurotransmitters stimulates the cerebral cortex for wakefulness?
-Norepinephrine
-Dopamine
-Both dopamine and norepinephrine are correct.
-GABA
Both dopamine and norepinephrine are correct.
The majority of the fibers of the pyramidal tracts decussate in the ________.
-medulla oblongata
-midbrain
-spinal cord
-basal nuclei
medulla oblongata
Nerves that supply the muscular and cutaneous innervation of the arm arise from the ________ plexus.
-brachial
-sacral
-cervical
-lumbar
brachial
The total percentage of blood flow to the body per minute that goes to the brain is
25
15
20
30
15
The famous patient “H.M.” could not remember events that occurred after his memory was damaged after he had brain surgery to treat his epilepsy. He retained his perceptual and motor skills, but lost his memory of new facts and events. Thus H.M’s deficit was in
-Declarative or implicit memory
-Nondeclarative or explicit memory
-Declarative or explicit memory
-Nondeclarative or implicit memory
Declarative or explicit memory
Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system
-Hippocampus
-Cingulate gyrus
-Angular gyrus
-Amygdaloid body
Angular gyrus
A(n) _____ would detect increase activity in the brain in response to stimuli
-Electroencephalogram
-Computed tomography scan
-Functional magnetic resonance imaging scan
-Positron emission tomography scan
Functional magnetic resonance imaging scan
What ion is involved in stimulating genetic transcription needed for learning and memory
-NO
-Ca 2+
-Na+
-K+
Ca 2+
Brain metabolism may be best studied by ______.
-Magnetic resonance imaging
-Position-emission tomography
-Computed tomography
-electroencephalography
Position-emission tomography
The _____ is the dorsal diencephalon, containing the choroid plexus and the pineal gland
-Third ventricle
-Hypothalamus
-Epithalamus
-thalamus
Epithalamus
Interpretation of auditory inputs would be most affected by _____
-Ablation of the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
-Ablation of the hypothalamus
-Ablation of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
-Ablation to the medical geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
Ablation to the medical geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
Which of the following spinal nerve groups is incorrect
-Thoracic - 12
-Lumbar - 5
-Sacral - 5
-Cervical - 7
Cervical - 7
What specific area of the brain has shown to be involved in complex problem-solving?
-Frontal lobe
-Prefrontal cortex
-Amygdaloid body
-Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex
The hypothalamus and the limbic system are involved in ________.
-aggression
-fear
-sex
-goal-directed behavior
-All of the choices are correct
All of the choices are correct
Aphasias are most often associated with damage to ________ and ________ areas.
-motor speech; Wernicke’s
-fornix; motor speech
-Wernicke’s area; the angular gyrus
-the angular gyrus; septal nuclei
motor speech; Wernicke’s
Nerves that innervate the muscles and skin of the leg arise from the ________.
-Both the sacral and lumbar
plexuses are correct.
-brachial plexus
-lumbar plexus
-sacral plexus
Both the sacral and lumbar
plexuses are correct
Which area of the brain contains neural stem cells that are apparently important in learning and memory?
-Temporal lobe
-Arcuate fasciculus
-Subgranular zone of the hippocampus
-Cerebral cortex
Subgranular zone of the hippocampus
The ________ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.
-caudate nucleus
-substantia nigra
-fornix
-amygdaloid body
amygdaloid body
Ablation of the amygdaloid body would primarily result in ________.
-decreased sex drive
-absence of fear
-loss of appetite
-loss of ability to detect olfactory inputs
absence of fear
What structure connects Wernicke’s area to the motor speech area?
-Arcuate fasciculus
-Corpus callosum
-Corpus striatum
-Angular gyrus
Arcuate fasciculus
In long-term potentiation dealing with memory, what regulatory protein do calcium ions bind to?
-CREB
-CaMKII
-Calmodulin
-Kinase
Calmodulin
Which cranial nerve is vital for the functioning of the visceral organs?
-Hypoglossal
-Abducens
-Vagus
Vagus
Which cranial nerve allows one to smile, controls secretion of tears?
IX
XII
VII
V
VII
The conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory would be inhibited by ablation of the ________.
-occipital lobe
-pons
-cerebral nuclei
-hippocampus
hippocampus
Individuals with aphasia ________.
-may not be able to write if the angular gyrus is damaged
-often have damage to spinal nerves
-often form nonsensical sentences if the motor speech area is damaged
-often speak slowly if Wernicke’s area is damaged
may not be able to write if the angular gyrus is damaged
Which neurotransmitter is NOT associated with basal nuclei function?
-GABA
-Glutamate
-All of the neurotransmitters play a major role in basal nuclei function.
-Dopamine
All of the neurotransmitters play a major role in basal nuclei function.
Cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the ________
-midbrain
-peripheral ganglia
-thoracic and sacral regions of the spinal cord
-thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection between the CNS and their effector organs, while ________ neurons must synapse on with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effectors.
-somatic sensory
-autonomic sensory
-autonomic motor
-Both somatic and autonomic are correct.
autonomic motor
What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons?
-Convergence
-Cooperation
-All of the choices are correct.
-Divergence
Divergence
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system ________.
-has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors
-has relatively short preganglionic neurons
-has long postganglionic neurons
-has a single neuron arising from the spinal cord
has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors
The splanchnic nerves synapse in the ________.
-gray rami communicantes
-collateral ganglia
-white rami communicantes
-paravertebral ganglia
collateral ganglia
The ________ are branches made from the preganglionic sympathetic axons that travel from the spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglia chain.
-gray rami communicantes
-dorsal rami
-ventral rami
-white rami communicantes
white rami communicantes
Damage to the thoracic portion of the spinal cord would probably have a greater effect on the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system.
-sensory
-somatic
-parasympathetic
-sympathetic
sympathetic
From where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
Brainstem
-Sacral region of the spinal cord
-Thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord
-Brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
Brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
Which of the following is NOT a collateral ganglion?
-Superior mesenteric
-Celiac
-Inferior mesenteric
-Hepatic
Hepatic
Ablation of the celiac ganglia would inhibit sympathetic regulation of the ________.
-adrenal glands
-Kidneys
-heart
-Bladder
Kidneys
Atropine blocks ________ receptors for ________. When administered, expected side effects may include ________.
-cholinergic; norepinephrine; increased visual sensitivity to light
-cholinergic; ACh; dryness in the mouth
-muscarinic; ACh; increased blood pressure
-muscarinic; norepinephrine; feelings of anxiety
muscarinic; ACh; increased blood pressure
The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine on the heart would be ________.
-increased intracellular Ca2+
-decreased Ca2+
-decreased intracellular cyclic AMP
-increased cyclic AMP
increased cyclic AMP
In response to sympathetic stimulation, ________; this allows for ________ during fight-or-flight.
-blood vessels in skeletal muscles dilate; greater oxygen delivery to the muscle
-bronchioles vasodilate; heart rate to decrease
-intestinal motility increases; greater energy availability
-pupils constrict; more acute vision
blood vessels in skeletal muscles dilate; greater oxygen delivery to the muscle
The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is ________.
-acetylcholine
-dopamine
-norepinephrine
-epinephrine
acetylcholine
A defect in nitric oxide synthetase gene may result in reduced ________ of cerebral arteries since nitric oxide production would be impaired.
-arterial pressure
-compliance
-vasodilation
-vasoconstriction
vasodilation
Postganglionic ________ neurons release acetylcholine
-somatic
-sensory
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
parasympathetic
Which part of the brain helps to regulate the ANS actions from the medulla during motion sickness?
-Limbic system
-Hypothalamus
-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum
Cerebellum
The ________ has both a1 and b1 receptors and responds to sympathoadrenal stimulation with glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose.
-liver
-pancreas
-adrenal cortex
-skeletal muscle
liver
Goose bumps would occur in response to ________.
-a cholinergic agonist
-an adrenergic agonist
-a cholinergic antagonist
-an adrenergic antagonist
an adrenergic agonist
Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the ________.
-cerebral cortex
-pons
-cerebellum
-limbic system
limbic system
Damage to the terminal ganglia would have the greatest effect on ________.
-sympathetic motor neurons
-somatic motor neurons
-parasympathetic motor neurons
-somatic reflex function
parasympathetic motor neurons
Neural crest cells form ________.
-the adrenal medulla
-preganglionic sympathetic neurons
-the hypothalamus
-preganglionic parasympathetic neuron
the adrenal medulla
The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the ________ division of the autonomic
nervous system.
-somatic
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
-sensory
sympathetic
The vagus nerve innervates all of the following EXCEPT the ________.
-heart
-liver
-iris
-Stomach
iris
Muscarinic antagonists would stimulate ________ pupillary diameter.
-no change in
-a decrease
-an increase
an increase
M2 receptors in the heart ________.
-increase heart rate
-decrease heart rate
-cause increased cytosolic Ca2+ in heart cells
-cause increased spontaneous depolarization in the hear
decrease heart rate
Choose the example of a parasympathetic response.
-Dilation of the pupils
-Increased intestinal motility
-Increased heart rate
-Increase in saliva production
Increased intestinal motility
Which of the following organs is dually innervated?
-Skeletal muscle
-Arrector pili muscles in the skin
-Adrenal medulla
-Urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Intracellular Ca2+ is elevated if norepinephrine binds to a(n) ________ receptor.
-alpha-2 adrenergic
-alpha-1 adrenergic
-beta-1 adrenergic
-beta-2 adrenergic
alpha-1 adrenergic
The ________ can control autonomic function, such that under some emotional states, visceral reactions like blushing, fainting, etc., can occur.
-medulla oblongata
-reticular activating system
-cerebrum
-limbic system
limbic system
The medulla oblongata controls many autonomic activities through the ________.
-splanchnic nerves
-paravertebral ganglia
-vagus nerve
-collateral ganglia
vagus nerve
Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?
-The adrenal medulla
-Arrector pili muscles in the skin
-Most blood vessels
-All of the choices are correct
All of the choices are correct
Somatic motor reflexes may result in________.
-contraction of skeletal muscle
-inhibition of smooth muscle contraction
-vasoconstriction
-contraction of smooth muscle
contraction of skeletal muscle
Damage to a parasympathetic autonomic motor neuron could result in ________.
-decreased secretion from a gland
-spasticity of skeletal muscle
-increased skeletal muscle tone
-decreased heart rate
decreased secretion from a gland
Which ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
-Paravertebral
-Collateral
-Terminal
Terminal
Mass activation is an important ability of the sympathetic nervous system because ________.
-it allows for enhancement of sympathetic effects throughout the body during the “fight-or-flight” response.
-it allows for simultaneous increases and decreases in the activity of postganglionic sympathetic axons to maintain homeostasis.
-All of the choices are correct.
-it allows the parasympathetic nervous system to remain active during the “fight-or-fight” response.
it allows for enhancement of sympathetic effects throughout the body during the “fight-or-flight” response.
A patient’s history indicates damage to autonomic ganglia, and symptoms associated with digestive pain and dysfunction. The ganglia least likely to be damaged is ________.
-celiac
-sympathetic chain adjacent to T1
-sympathetic chain adjacent to T8
-superior mesenteric
sympathetic chain adjacent to T1
Which of the following selectively stimulates a2 receptors on neurons in the brain, thereby suppressing sympathoadrenal activation and lowering blood pressure?
-Bradykinin
-Clonidine
-Acetylcholine
-Atropine
Clonidine
Cocaine is a(an) ________ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic nerve effects.
-sympathomimetic
-adrenergic
-parasympathomimetic
-Cholinergic
sympathomimetic
Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be ________ in response to muscarinic antagonists.
-increased
-not changed
-decreased
decreased
Phenylephrine functions as a/an ________ because it promotes ________ in nasal mucosa.
-b1 agonist; vasodilation
-b1 antagonist; vasodilation
-a1 agonist; vasoconstriction
-a1 antagonist; vasoconstriction
a1 agonist; vasoconstriction
Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate ________.
-Skeletal muscle
-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscle
-glands
Skeletal muscle
A patient in a car accident fractured a thoracic vertebrae and sustained damage to the spinal nerve leaving the intravertebral foramen at the same level. The autonomic structure(s) likely to be damaged by this injury is/are the ________.
-Preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies
-White rami communicates
-Celiac ganglion
-Gray rami communicates
White rami communicates
The slowest rate of conduction would be measured in ________ neurons.
-Postganglion autonomic sympathetic
-Pregnaglionic autonomic sympathetic
-Somatic
-Pregnaglionic parasympathetic
Postganglion autonomic sympathetic
“Synapses en passant” refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitter ________.
-From the axon terminal
-From the soma
-Only when receptors pass over the axon
-Along the length of the axon
Along the length of the axon
Which of the following is NOT an example of the cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
-Micrurition
-Sexual function
-Sweating
-Saliva production
Sweating
The majority of postganglionic sympathetic neurons release ________.
-Acetyllcholine
-Norepinephrine
-Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Nonshivering thermogenesis is regulated by the ________ system.
-Sympathoadrenal
-Parasympathetic
-Somatic nervous
-Limbic
Sympathoadrenal
Cocaine acts as a sympathomimetic drug because it blocks the reuptake of ________.
-Norepinephrine
-Insulin
-Acetylcholine
-Glucose
Norepinephrine
Cutaneous effectors such as blood vessels, sweat glands, and erector pili muscles are innervated by ________.
-only parasympathetic nerves
-only sympathetic nerves
-both parasympathetic and
sympathetic nerves
-both parasympathetic and somatic nerves
only sympathetic nerves
Epinephrine is a ________.
-Sympathetic neurotransmitter
-Parasympathetic neurotransmitter
-Sympathomimetic hormone
-All of the choices are correct
Sympathomimetic hormone
All adrenergic receptors act via ________.
H-proteins
G-proteins
sodium-potassium pump
ligand-gated channels
G-proteins
Which of the following is a catecholamine?
-Norepinephrine
-Acetylcholine
-Nitric Oxide
-All of the answer choices are correct.
Norepinephrine
Postganglionic axons which do not secrete either catecholamines or acetylcholine may secrete ________.
-ATP
-nitric oxide
-vasoactive intestinal peptide
-All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on presynaptic axon terminals, when stimulated, cause ____________.
-Decreased release of epinephrine
-Decreased release of norepinephrine
-Increased release of epinephrine
-Increased release of norepinephrine
Decreased release of norepinephrine
How can you distinguish the sympathetic from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
-Neurotransmitters release by the preganglionic neurons
-Presence of peripheral ganglia
-Origin of the preganglionic neurons
-Sympathetic can be both excitatory and inhibitory
Origin of the preganglionic neurons
Damage to the ______ nerve could inhibit saliva production.
-Hypoglossal
-Facial
-Abducens
-vagus
Facial
Bright light would stimulate a decrease in pupil diameter through ________ nerves.
-Parasympathetic
-Sympathetic
-Somatic
-sensory
Parasympathetic
Damage to the Papez circuit prevents communication between the limbic system and ___
-Olfactory bulbs
-Hippocampus
-Diencephalon
-cerebrum
Diencephalon
Sensory impulses for fine touch, precise pressures, and body movement are carried by the ___ tracts.
-Fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis
-Anterior spinothalamic
-Posterior spinocerebellar
-Lateral spinothalamic
Fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis
Neural stem cells in adult mammalian brains are found in the ________.
-Cerebral cortex
-Midbrain
-Subventricular zone
-Both the subventricular and subgranular zones
-Subgranular zone
Both the subventricular and subgranular zones
The conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory is called memory ________.
-Consolidation
-Recognition
-Ablation
-Translation
Consolidation
Choose the statement that characterizes the cerebral cortex.
-Sensations from the feet would be on the most inferior area of the somatesthetic cortex.
-The hands and feet have a similar density of receptors.
-Areas of the body with the greatest density of receptors will have larger areas on the somatesthetic cortex.
-Damage to the left side of the motor cortex could impair muscular control of the limbs on the left side of the body
Areas of the body with the greatest density of receptors will have larger areas on the somatesthetic cortex.
Ablation of the ________ in the midbrain would impair the ability to respond to sounds.
-red nucleus
-medial colliculi
-inferior colliculi
-substantia nigra
inferior colliculi
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.
12; 31
12; 25
31; 12
15; 31
12; 31
Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would have the greatest impact on ________.
-Vision
-Voluntary skeletal muscle
-Hearing
-Distinguishing between different somatic sensations
Hearing
Reflex arcs ______
-Require input from the cerebral cortex
-May be mono- or polysynaptic
-Do not include somatic motor neurons
-Generally rely on the actions of the hypothalamus
May be mono- or polysynaptic
What type of proteins are present at chemical synapses to ensure the close proximity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes?
A. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
B. Connexins
C. Terminal boutons
D. Myelin
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Histamine is able to ________.
-act as a regulator in inflammation and allergies
-act as a neurotransmitter in the brain to cause drowsiness
-act as a hormone that inhibits gastric secretion
-act as a neurotransmitter to cause skeletal muscle contraction
act as a regulator in inflammation and allergies
The most abundant neuropeptide in the brain is ________.
-neuropeptide Z
-neuropeptide Y
-substance P
-CCK
neuropeptide Y
Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged?
-Schwann cells
-Astrocytes
-Microglia
-Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
At what region of the neuron are action potentials first produced?
-Axon terminal
-Axon hillock
-Cell body
-dendrites
Axon hillock
Addictive drugs, as well as nicotine, activate dopamine release in the __
-Corpus callosum
-Corpus striatum
-Basal nuclei
-Nucleus accumbens
Nucleus accumbens
What type of intravenous fluid would be given to reduce edema?
-Hypertonic
-Hypotonic
-Isotonic
Hypertonic
Solutes that cannot freely pass through a membrane are said to be ________.
-osmotically active
-osmotically inactive
hypertonic
-selectively permeable
osmotically active
Individuals suffering from cystic fibrosis have defective ___ ion channels
-Chloride
-Potassium
-Sodium
-Calcium
Chloride
