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Developmental psych 361 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

motor milestones

A

*. Pre-reaching – newborn until 2 mos.
– At 2 months. pre-reaching declines
– By 3 months. infant reaching is guided by what
they see: “visually guided reaching”
* 3-4 months. ulnar grasp
* 4-5 months. reach to midline & opposite
side
* 4-5 months. grasp with both hands
Continued
* Palmer grasp – infant’s fingers close around
your finger
* Ulnar grasp - 3-4 mos. fingers close against
palm (clumsy)
* Pincer grasp – end of 1st year
(x = 9 months)

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2
Q

2 type of sleep

A

REM = rapid eye movement
nREM = non rapid eye movement
- babies spend more time in REM than adults

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3
Q

Growth spurt

A

rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle.

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4
Q

Sex differences in growth spurt

A

any of the traits associated with sex identity. Primary sex characteristics (e.g., testes in males, ovaries in females) are directly involved in reproduction of the species. Secondary sex characteristics are features not directly concerned with reproduction, such as voice quality, facial hair, and breast size. Also called sexual characteristic

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5
Q

distance curve

A

plots the average size of a sample of children at each age indicating typical yearly progress toward maturity.

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6
Q

velocity curve

A

plots the average amount of growth each yearly interval, revealing the exact timing of growth spurts

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7
Q

Turner syndrome

A
  • a chromosomal disorder,
    -specific to females,
  • marked by the absence of all or a part of one of the two X (female) chromosomes.
  • The effects include gonadal dysgenesis (underdevelopment or absence of primary and secondary sex characteristics), infertility, no menstruation, webbed neck
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8
Q

neuron

A
  1. Cell production – in neural tube of embryo
  2. Cell migration – done by end of 2nd trimester
  3. Cell differentiation
    * Connections
    * Programmed cell death = during peak periods
    * Synaptic pruning
    (Synapse – gap between neuron-info passes across)
  4. Increased myelination
  5. Increase in neurotransmitters
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9
Q

axon

A

the long, thin, hollow, cylindrical extension of a neuron that normally carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body. An axon often branches extensively and may be surrounded by a protective myelin sheath.

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10
Q

myelin sheath

A

the insulating layer around many axons that increases the speed of conduction of nerve impulses. It consists of myelin and is laid down by glia, which wrap themselves around adjacent axons. The myelin sheath is interrupted by small gaps, called nodes of Ranvier, which are spaced about every millimeter along the axon.

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11
Q

andrenogenital syndrome

A
  • which results from disorders of steroid hormone production in the adrenal glands leading to a deficiency of cortisol.
  • inherited metabolic disease
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12
Q

brain growth spurts

A
  • Birth==25% of adult brain weight
    Infant-brain = 30% adult brain weight

3-4 mos to 1 yr: auditory & visual perception
1.5-2 yrs: representation & language

Age 2 = 70% adult brain weight
Age 5-6 = 90% adult brain weight
Age 7-10 = continued myelination and
synaptic pruning

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13
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

when a person who is genetically male (who has one X and one Y chromosome) is resistant to male hormones (called androgens). As a result, the person has some of the physical traits of a woman, but the genetic makeup of a man.

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14
Q

menarche

A

the first incidence of menstruation in a female, marking the onset of puberty.

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15
Q

lyonization

A

random X inactivation in every female cell

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16
Q

reflex

A

generally involuntary responses to stimuli

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17
Q

rooting reflex

A

tickle corner of mouth turns head to source of stimulation

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18
Q

visual cliff

A

Eleanor Gibson

*Vestibular Sensitivity = awareness of body
orientation & motion. Young babies
respond to cues from vestibular system.
* Study – stereotypical behavior
* Definition: behavior that is rhythmical &
repetitive
– Kicking, rocking, banging, rubbing
– Occurs in a bou

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19
Q

production memory

A

Recall – recalling a stimulus that is not present (1 yr) (production memory)
(long term)

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20
Q

recognition memory

A

Recognition – noticing that a stimulus is similar to one seen previously. 4 yrs – formal testing
(long term)

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21
Q

recovery (infant learning)

A

dishabituation occurs when the response returns to its initial level, or close to the initial level

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22
Q

habituation

A

decline in response strength due to repeated stimulation
- regarding infant learning

23
Q

Apgar score

A

an evaluation of newborn infants on five factors: skin color, heart rate, respiratory effort, reflexes, and muscle tone. The evaluation is typically performed at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth to assess the physical condition of the infant and to determine quickly if he or she needs immediate medical care. Each factor is scored 0, 1, or 2, with a maximum total of 10 points. A score below 3 indicates that the infant is in severe distress; a score of 4 to 7 indicates moderate distress; and a score of 7 to 10 indicates that the infant’s condition is normal.
- invented by Virginia Apgar

24
Q

infant learning (operant conditioning)

A

infants act on their environments—the consequences affect the probability that the behavior occurs again.

25
Q

stereotypical behavior

A
  • well-defined behavioral acts which are repeated over and over again and which seem to be without any apparent adaptive function
  • kicking, waving, banging, rocking, bouncing, swaying, scratching, and twirling (infant behavior)
26
Q

pincer grasp

A

the manner of grasping an object between the thumb and forefinger.

27
Q

Mozart effect

A
28
Q

structure

A

organized properties of intelligence that change with age

29
Q

Piaget looked at intelligence in terms of

A
  1. Content
  2. Structure
  3. Function
30
Q

content (cognitive development)

A

specific intellectual acts that an
individual is doing

31
Q

scheme (cognitive)

A

organized patterns of behavior that change with age

32
Q

function (cognitive)

A

ways in which development occurs
A. Adaptation = adapting or coming to terms with the environment
B. Organization = tendency for individuals to organize processes into coherent systems

33
Q

conservation (cognitive)

A

the awareness that physical quantities do not change in amount when they are altered in appearance, such as when water is poured from a wide, short beaker into a thin, tall one. According to Piagetian theory, children become capable of this mental operation in the concrete operational stage.

34
Q

Piaget 4 main stages

A

sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational

35
Q

sensorimotor

A
  • Reflexes – Object Permanence & Intentional
    Behavior
    *0-2yrs
36
Q

pre-operational

A

(2-7yrs)
* Use of mental symbols 2-4 yrs.
* Language acquisition
* Logic is intuitive, not rational
* Individual monologues
* Egocentric behavior
* Animism = giving life to inanimate objects

37
Q

concrete operational

A

(7-11yrs)
* Reasoning is more logical
* Perspective-taking – collaboration
* No abstract thought

38
Q

formal operational

A

(11-15 yrs)
* Abstract thinking
* Adolescent egocentrism
* Metacognition = thinking about thinking

39
Q

horizontal decalage

A

in Piagetian theory, the invariant order in which accomplishments occur within a particular stage of development. For example, an understanding of conservation of quantity is always achieved before understanding conservation of weight, which is achieved before understanding conservation of volume.
- within stage concept

40
Q

vertical decalage

A

in Piagetian theory, the invariable sequence in which the different stages of development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) are attained.
- sequential movement thru 4 stages

41
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

a normal stage of adolescent development that occurs between approximately 11 and 16 years of age. In this stage, young people are overly self-involved and unable to differentiate between their perceptions and the perceptions of others.Nov

42
Q

Zone of proximal development

A
  • as the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers
  • two components (the student’s potential development and the role of interaction with others)
  • vygotsky invented
43
Q

equilibration

A
  • Piaget developed the concept of equilibration to describe how new information is balanced with existing knowledge.
44
Q

twin family design

A
  • compares the similarity of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins
  • identical twins are considerably more similar than fraternal twins (which is found for most traits), this implies that genes play an important role in these traits.
45
Q

identical twins

A
46
Q

fraternal twins

A
47
Q

co twin control

A
  • an elegant research design that uses differences within twin pairs to examine the association between a putative environmental risk factor and an outcome variable
  • Select twin pairs who differ (the most) in exposure. including measured genes (if DZ) epigenetic changes (especially if MZ)
48
Q

Piaget

A
  • had the 4 stages of cognitive devotement
    ( sensorimotor intelligence, (2) preoperational thinking, (3) concrete operational thinking, and (4) formal operational thinking)
  • argued that children’s cognitive development occurs in stages and their behavior also changes, reflecting these cognitive developments
49
Q

rove collier

A
  • pre-verbal infants could learn things and remember them
    -ribbon to infants foot, tied to mobile toy
  • infant recognized and moved foot to play with toy
50
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A
  • dialectical theory (discussion & reasoning through cooperative dialogues)
  • believed cog develop was
    i) culture is significant in learning,
    (ii) language is the root of culture
    (iii) individuals learn and develop within their role in the community
51
Q

private speech

A
  • (4-7 years)
  • Piaget = monologues – egocentric speech; it
    reflected problems w/ perspective-taking
  • Vygotsky = occurs in problem-solving
    situations
    – “communication with the self” – for guidance &
    direction
52
Q

Gibson

A

Eleanor Gibson
- perceptual learning in infants

53
Q

2 type of sleep

A

REM = rapid eye movement
nREM = non rapid eye movement
- babies spend more time in REM than adults

Developmental psych 361 (4 decks)

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