exam #1 Flashcards
Developmental psychology
branch of psychology concerned with development
Developmental psychology + basic issues
concerns :
- continuity vs. discontinuity: are changes in development smooth and continuous or more abrupt (stairs or escalator)
- How many paths to development : context and culture
- Nature vs nurture : why are we not all the same(variability or?)
- Is a person stable or changeable: *changes(emotional, physical, psychological, perceptive and mental)
theory
theories are set of statements to explain and predict behavior (based on culture, personal beliefs and experience)
reliability
consistency or repeatability of participant behavior
validity
accurately measure characteristics that researcher set up to measure
goof research methods have high validity
Types of validity
Content validity: how well an instrument covers all parts of the construct it aims to measure ex. Testing for your license
Predictive validity: ability of a test or other measurements to predict a future outcome ex. An outcome can be a behavior or performance
Concurrent validity: comparing a test with an existing test (of the same nature)to see if they produce similar results
External validity: study is the extent to which you can generalize the findings of the study to other situations, people, settings and measures
Internal validity: degree of confidence that the casual relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factor or variables
John locke
17th century, british philosopher (basis for behaviorism), pure nurture position
Believed in the blank slate=Tabula rasa
Charles darwin
scientific father of development (natural selection and survival of the fittest)
John Watson
stimulus- response , psychologist, behaviorism ( theory of operant) reinforcements
Jacques Rousseau
- we have inborn plan or program for growth,
childhood = distinct period - recognized the development stages
infancy , childhood, late childhood, adolescence - maturation
Binet and Simon
first intelligence testing
Lewis Terman
pioneer for educational psychology
added to Binet testing (intelligence)
G Stanley Hall
founder of child study movement Normative approach: how is a child suppose to act at certain ages
systematic observation
naturalistic : observation of behavior in natural contents
structured: observation in lab; where conditions all the same for participants
clinical or case study method
full picture of individuals psychological functioning, obtained by combining interviews, observations, test scores
ethnography
participant observation of a culture or distinct social group
researcher tries to get participants entire culture and environment
neurobiological research methods
measure the relationship between nervous system process and behavior
research methods (types)
1.systematic observation:
naturalistic
structured
2. self reports:
clinical interview
questionnaire or tests
3. neurobiological
4. clinical or case study
5. ethnography
research designs
Longitudinal: study people at different times but the same people , age changes
problems :subject attraction, practice effects, cohort effect, time-consuming
Cross sectional: age differences, study 2 or more groups, same time but different ages
problems : cohort effects( having been born at a certain time,region, period or having same life experience, has development on your perception
Co twin control
maturation
genetically influenced, naturally unfolding plan for growth
experimental vs natural experiments
The key difference between observational studies and experiments is that, done correctly, an observational study will never influence the responses or behaviours of participants. Experimental designs will have a treatment condition applied to at least a portion of participants.
independent variable
a variable whose variation does not depend on another
dependent variable
depends on the independent variable for an outcome
generalizable age effect
Cohort effect
having been born at a certain time,region, period or having same life experience, has development on your perception
Time measurements effect
an effect that is due to the social and historical influences present at the time a measurement is made. Effects are difficult to separate from age effects in long designs
baby biographies
research/observer bias
research/observer bias: occurs when a researcher expectations or opinions or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study
Ecological systems theory
bronfenbrenner’s theory suggests the environment you grew up in affects everything about your life ; influence on human development
naturalistic observation
go into field of study or natural environment and record the behavior in interest
Paradigm shift
fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions
Ex. how we think/perceive things based on prior knowledge
correlation
how do things vary with each other
Positive : x goes up and y goes up; x goes down and y goes down
Negative : y and x go in separate directions
Curvilinear has a pattern of correspondence or association between the two variables that change as values of variables change ex. A train moving on a curved track
No relationship: nothing correlated between them; all over the place
genotype
genetic makeup
phenotype
observable (measurable) traits ; genes+environment
Homozygous
AA or aa chromosomes in pairs
monozygotic
identical; same genetic makeup
dizygotic
fraternal twins; no more alike than siblings
Heterozygous
Heterozygous means you are a carrier
primary /secondary source
primary (abstract, into, methods, results, etc)
Gamete
sex cells or germ cells
Polygenic trait
one trait that is affected by many genes ( also called continuous, qualitative or biometrical
Perinatal events:
Zygote = 2 weeks
amnion = inner cell membrane
Chorion - outer membrane
After implantation in the uterus :embryo 2-8 weeks
Fetus 8-9 weeks -> to end of pregnacy
tay sachs disease
rare genetic disorder passed from parent to child
teratogens
refers to environmental agent that cause damage during prenatal period
incomplete dominance
pattern of inheritance which both allies are expressed in the phenotype resulting in combination trait or intermediate between two
ex sickle cell anemia disease
pedigree chart
a diagram of a family history that uses standardized symbols
- shows the relationship between family members and indicates which individual have certain genetic pathogenic traits, diseases within family
monozygotic
identical; same genetic makeup
