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Developmental psych 361 > exam #1 > Flashcards

exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

branch of psychology concerned with development

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2
Q

Developmental psychology + basic issues

A

concerns :
- continuity vs. discontinuity: are changes in development smooth and continuous or more abrupt (stairs or escalator)
- How many paths to development : context and culture
- Nature vs nurture : why are we not all the same(variability or?)
- Is a person stable or changeable: *changes(emotional, physical, psychological, perceptive and mental)

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3
Q

theory

A

theories are set of statements to explain and predict behavior (based on culture, personal beliefs and experience)

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4
Q

reliability

A

consistency or repeatability of participant behavior

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5
Q

validity

A

accurately measure characteristics that researcher set up to measure
goof research methods have high validity

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6
Q

Types of validity

A

Content validity: how well an instrument covers all parts of the construct it aims to measure ex. Testing for your license
Predictive validity: ability of a test or other measurements to predict a future outcome ex. An outcome can be a behavior or performance
Concurrent validity: comparing a test with an existing test (of the same nature)to see if they produce similar results
External validity: study is the extent to which you can generalize the findings of the study to other situations, people, settings and measures
Internal validity: degree of confidence that the casual relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factor or variables

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7
Q

John locke

A

17th century, british philosopher (basis for behaviorism), pure nurture position
Believed in the blank slate=Tabula rasa

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8
Q

Charles darwin

A

scientific father of development (natural selection and survival of the fittest)

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9
Q

John Watson

A

stimulus- response , psychologist, behaviorism ( theory of operant) reinforcements

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10
Q

Jacques Rousseau

A
  • we have inborn plan or program for growth,
    childhood = distinct period
  • recognized the development stages
    infancy , childhood, late childhood, adolescence
  • maturation
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11
Q

Binet and Simon

A

first intelligence testing

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12
Q

Lewis Terman

A

pioneer for educational psychology
added to Binet testing (intelligence)

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13
Q

G Stanley Hall

A

founder of child study movement Normative approach: how is a child suppose to act at certain ages

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14
Q

systematic observation

A

naturalistic : observation of behavior in natural contents
structured: observation in lab; where conditions all the same for participants

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15
Q

clinical or case study method

A

full picture of individuals psychological functioning, obtained by combining interviews, observations, test scores

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16
Q

ethnography

A

participant observation of a culture or distinct social group
researcher tries to get participants entire culture and environment

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17
Q

neurobiological research methods

A

measure the relationship between nervous system process and behavior

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18
Q

research methods (types)

A

1.systematic observation:
naturalistic
structured
2. self reports:
clinical interview
questionnaire or tests
3. neurobiological
4. clinical or case study
5. ethnography

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19
Q

research designs

A

Longitudinal: study people at different times but the same people , age changes
problems :subject attraction, practice effects, cohort effect, time-consuming
Cross sectional: age differences, study 2 or more groups, same time but different ages
problems : cohort effects( having been born at a certain time,region, period or having same life experience, has development on your perception
Co twin control

20
Q

maturation

A

genetically influenced, naturally unfolding plan for growth

21
Q

experimental vs natural experiments

A

The key difference between observational studies and experiments is that, done correctly, an observational study will never influence the responses or behaviours of participants. Experimental designs will have a treatment condition applied to at least a portion of participants.

22
Q

independent variable

A

a variable whose variation does not depend on another

23
Q

dependent variable

A

depends on the independent variable for an outcome

24
Q

generalizable age effect

A
25
Q

Cohort effect

A

having been born at a certain time,region, period or having same life experience, has development on your perception

26
Q

Time measurements effect

A

an effect that is due to the social and historical influences present at the time a measurement is made. Effects are difficult to separate from age effects in long designs

27
Q

baby biographies

A
28
Q

research/observer bias

A

research/observer bias: occurs when a researcher expectations or opinions or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study

29
Q

Ecological systems theory

A

bronfenbrenner’s theory suggests the environment you grew up in affects everything about your life ; influence on human development

30
Q

naturalistic observation

A

go into field of study or natural environment and record the behavior in interest

31
Q

Paradigm shift

A

fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions
Ex. how we think/perceive things based on prior knowledge

32
Q

correlation

A

how do things vary with each other
Positive : x goes up and y goes up; x goes down and y goes down
Negative : y and x go in separate directions
Curvilinear has a pattern of correspondence or association between the two variables that change as values of variables change ex. A train moving on a curved track
No relationship: nothing correlated between them; all over the place

33
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

34
Q

phenotype

A

observable (measurable) traits ; genes+environment

35
Q

Homozygous

A

AA or aa chromosomes in pairs

36
Q

monozygotic

A

identical; same genetic makeup

37
Q

dizygotic

A

fraternal twins; no more alike than siblings

38
Q

Heterozygous

A

Heterozygous means you are a carrier

39
Q

primary /secondary source

A

primary (abstract, into, methods, results, etc)

40
Q

Gamete

A

sex cells or germ cells

41
Q

Polygenic trait

A

one trait that is affected by many genes ( also called continuous, qualitative or biometrical

42
Q

Perinatal events:

A

Zygote = 2 weeks
amnion = inner cell membrane
Chorion - outer membrane
After implantation in the uterus :embryo 2-8 weeks
Fetus 8-9 weeks -> to end of pregnacy

43
Q

tay sachs disease

A

rare genetic disorder passed from parent to child

44
Q

teratogens

A

refers to environmental agent that cause damage during prenatal period

45
Q

incomplete dominance

A

pattern of inheritance which both allies are expressed in the phenotype resulting in combination trait or intermediate between two
ex sickle cell anemia disease

46
Q

pedigree chart

A

a diagram of a family history that uses standardized symbols
- shows the relationship between family members and indicates which individual have certain genetic pathogenic traits, diseases within family

47
Q

monozygotic

A

identical; same genetic makeup

Developmental psych 361 (4 decks)

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