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Biochemistry II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the second messenger for epinephrine (B2)?

A

cAMP

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2
Q

what is the primary kinase for epinephrine (B2)?

A

PKA

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3
Q

What type of G coupled protein does epinephrine (B2) use?

A

Gs family

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4
Q

What is the second messenger for epinephrine (a2)?

A

IP3

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5
Q

What is the primary kinase for epinephrine (a2)?

A

PKC and CAM-PK/CA2+

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6
Q

What type of G coupled protein does epinephrine (a2) use?

A

Gq family

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7
Q

What is the second messenger of insulin?

A

PIP3

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8
Q

What is the primary kinase for insulin?

A

AKT

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9
Q

What are the steps of Epinephrine (B2) signaling cascade?

A
  1. alpha G subunit has a conformational change
  2. GDP is kicked out
  3. adenylyl cyclase activated
  4. cAMP activated and binds to PKA regulatory site
  5. PKA activated
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10
Q

What are the steps of the Epinephrine (a2) signaling cascade?

A
  1. Gq activates phospholipase Cb
  2. Ca2+/CAM-PK activates PKC
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11
Q

What are the steps of the insulin signaling cascade?

A
  1. insulin binds to IRS-1
  2. receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylates
  3. IRS-1 phosphorylated
  4. PIP3 produced
  5. AKT phosphorylated
  6. GLUT4 presentation on cell surface
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12
Q

What is the name of the E1 PDH subunit?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

What is the name of the E2 PDH subunit?

A

dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase

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14
Q

What is the name of the E3 PDH subunit?

A

dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

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15
Q

Is cofactor CoA transient or prosthetic and for which subunit?

A

transient E1

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16
Q

Is cofactor TPP transient or prosthetic and for which subunit?

A

prosthetic E2

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17
Q

Is cofactor lipoamide transient or prosthetic and for which subunit?

A

prosthetic E2

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18
Q

Is cofactor FAD transient or prosthetic and for which subunit?

A

prosthetic E3

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19
Q

Is cofactor NAD+ transient or prosthetic and for which subunit?

A

transient E3

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20
Q

What is the point of no return in the CAC?

A

when pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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21
Q

What is the first cofactor that combines with pyruvate pre citric acid cycle?

A

TPP

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22
Q

What is the second cofactor that combines with pyruvate pre citric acid cycle?

A

lipoamide

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23
Q

What is the only positive delta G in the CAC?

A

malate

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24
Q

What 3 enzymes turn NAD into NADH?

A

isocitrate DH
a-ketogluterate
malate DH

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25
Q

What 2 enzymes release carbon in the form of CO2?

A

isocitrate DH
a-ketogluterate DH

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26
Q

what is enzyme of the commitment step during the CAC?

A

isocitrate DH

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27
Q

what is the enzyme of the regulatory step in the CAC and has the same mechanism as PDH?

A

a-ketogluterate DH

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28
Q

What is the only membrane bound enzyme in the CAC?

A

succinate DH

29
Q

What is the acronym for the name of the molecules in the CAC?

A

Can
I
Keep
Sell
Sex
For
Money
Officer?

30
Q

what is the acronym for the type of enzyme used in each step of the CAC?

A

So
At
Disco
Devil
Sucked
Down
Five
Drinks

31
Q

what enzyme in the CAC is referred to as catalytic perfection?

A

fumarase

32
Q

increased cAMP production = increase/decrease of adenylyl cyclase?

A

increase

33
Q

Is NAD or NADH the oxidized form?

A

NAD

34
Q

does isocitrate DH have the same kind of decarboxylation as PDH? if not what kind does it do?

A

NO, isocitrate DH does beta

35
Q

How many CO2 is made in one turn of the CAC?

A

2

36
Q

How many NADH is made in one turn of the CAC?

A

3

37
Q

How many FADH2 is made in one turn of the CAC?

A

1

38
Q

How many ATP is made in one turn of the CAC?

A

1

39
Q

How many GTP is made in one turn of the CAC?

A

1

40
Q

does increased levels of ATP increase/decrease the level of PDH/CAC?

A

decrease

41
Q

does increased levels of ADP/AMP increase/decrease the level of PDH/CAC?

A

increase

42
Q

does increased levels of NAD increase/decrease the level of PDH/CAC?

A

increase

43
Q

What are 3 inhibitors of CAC?

A
  1. NADH
  2. acetyl coA
  3. ATP
44
Q

Why is NADH an inhibitor of CAC?

A

inhibits E3 (lipoamide cannot reoxidized)

45
Q

why is acetyl coA an inhibitor of CAC?

A

inhibits E2 (competes with free floating CoA-SH)

46
Q

What subunit does ATP inhibit in PDH?

A

E1

47
Q

What does AMP activate to make it an activator?

A

E1 subunit

48
Q

z

A

E1f

49
Q

How many possible phosphorylation sites are there in E1 subunit?

A

3

50
Q

What enzyme is regulated by covalent modication?

A

PDH

51
Q

what enzyme of the CAC catalyzes hydrolysis of thioester?

A

citrate synthase

52
Q

what enzyme is inhibited by succinyl-coA?

A

a-ketogluterate DH

53
Q

acetyl coA is an activator when combined with what molecule? and what does it form?

A

oxaloacetate; citrate

54
Q

what enzyme uses Fe clusters?

A

aconitase

55
Q

Increased PPP means that adenylyl cyclase is active or inactive?

A

inactive

56
Q

increased glycogen synthease means adenylyl cyclase is active or inactive?

A

inactive

57
Q

T/F: Under standard conditions, malate oxidation by NAD+ is energentically favored

A

FALSE

58
Q

T/F: insulin signaling decreases PDH phosphatase activity

A

FALSE

59
Q

T/F: reaction catalyzed by aconitase requires a 180 flip

A

TRUE

60
Q

T/F: PDH is found in the cytosol

A

FALSE

61
Q

T/F: can oxaloacetate be viewed as a catalyst

A

TRUE

62
Q

is PDH activated or inactivated when phosphorylated?

A

inactivated

63
Q

what does pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase do?

A

phosphorylates PDH and makes it inactive

64
Q

what 3 things inhibit PDK?

A
  1. pyruvate
  2. acetyl coA
  3. NADH
65
Q

PDK 1 is present in what kind of cells?

A

panceratic beta cells
cardiomyocytes

66
Q

PDK 2 is present in what kind of cells?

A

cardiomyocytes
hepatocytes

67
Q

PDK 4 increases expression in the fasting or well fed state?

A

fasting

68
Q

what does pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase do?

A

dephosphorylates PDH

69
Q

what cells is PDP 1 located in?

A

skeletal muscle cells

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

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