exam 2

Question 1

archaeplastida

Answer 1

eukaryotic parasitic algae, red or green algae

Question 2

opisthokonta

Answer 2

eukaryotic parasites with a single posterior flagellum during at least one stage in the life cycle, includes fungi, animals and

Question 3

microsporidia

Answer 3

members of opisthokonta and fungi, infective spores use a coiled polar filament to inject nuclei into host cell. inside the cell, they form a multinucleate sporoplasm that buds off more spores

Question 4

nosema apis

Answer 4

fungi microsporidia that parasitizes honeybees

Question 5

hosts of microsporidians

Answer 5

humans, especially AIDS and immunocompromised patients, mosquitoes (reducing malaria parasites)

Question 6

hosts of microsporidians

Answer 6

humans, especially AIDS and immunocompromised patients, mosquitoes (reducing malaria parasites)

Question 7

aminal characteristics

Answer 7

cell differentiation, extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules, gap and tight junctions between cells, and development from an embryo

Question 8

animal parasite classifications

Answer 8

Cnidaria (myxozoans), Protostomia (leeches, flukes, tapeworms, acanthocephalans, roundworms, and parasitic arthropods), and deuterostomia

Question 9

cnidaria body forms

Answer 9

polyp (asexual) and medusa (sexual)

Question 10

Common name for a digenean trematode

Answer 10

fluke

Question 11

Stage in a digenean’s life cycle that typically
comes from a sporocyst

Answer 11

Redia

Question 12

Latin for “vinegar cup”; refers to the ventral sucker
of a digenean

Answer 12

Acetabulum

Question 13

Cercaria

Answer 13

the bifurcate larval stage of trematodes: responsible for swimmers itch

Question 14

4 orders of Digenea

Answer 14

-Strigeiformes
-Echinostomatiformes
-Opisthorchiformes
-Plagiorchiforme

Question 15

Digenea: Strigeiformes

Answer 15

contain the schistosomatoids that include Schistosoma. Have separate sexes, adults mature in host circulatory system, first described by german parasitologist Theodor Bilharz in 1851, called bilharzia in old texts

Question 16

Digenea: schistosoma life cycle

Answer 16

5) Humans are infected by contact with water containing schistosoma cercariae
6) cercariae burrow into skin
7) Cercariae lose tails during penetration and become schistosomulae (nonflagellated larval stage)
8) Circulation
9) migrate to portal blood in liver and mature into adults
10) Paired (male and female) adult worms migrate to either- mesenteric venules of bowel/ rectum (to lay eggs that circulated to liver and shed in stools, or - venous plexus of bladder (for eggs to pass through urine- depends on species
1) eggs pass through urine or feces
2) eggs hatch releasing miracidia (free swimming, cilliated larval stage)
3) miracidia swim to host (usually snails) and penetrate skin
4) Sporocysts are released from snails- develop into cercariae —>

Question 17

Phylum that includes digeneans, eucestodes,
“turbellarians”, and so on

Answer 17

Platyhelminths

Question 18

myxozoa

Answer 18

extremely reduced cnidaria, obligate parasites, alternate between fish and invertebrate

Question 19

Main cause of symptoms in Schistosoma

Answer 19

Eggs migrating cause most of the symptoms, creating immune response and forming granulomas that actually protect the eggs

Question 20

polar filaments

Answer 20

penetrative structure, similar to nematocysts, that pierce host cells, usually fish

Question 21

Digenea: Strigeiformes: Strigeoids

Answer 21

Common north american strigeoid- Uvulifer-
Adults live in fish eating birds. Uvulifer cercariae burrow into fish skin and form metacercariae (tailless encysted late larva of trematode, infective form) that are heavily pigmented

Question 22

actinospores

Answer 22

released by worms infected with a mxyzoan parasite, containing a packet of sporoplasm (64 germ cells) and 3 polar capsules to attach the actinospore to and to make a hole to inject the sperm

Question 23

Digenea: Echinostomatiformes: echinostomatidae

Answer 23

Often have scales or spines on body, especially anterior end
Have Acetabulum (ventral sucker) anterior near the oral sucker
widespread wildlife parasite, not very host specific, have 2 intermediate hosts

Question 24

“whirling disease”

Answer 24

affects of myxozoa parasites where the skeleton, nerves, and spinal cord of a fish are attacked

Question 25

Digenea: Echinostomatiformes: Fasciolidae

Answer 25

Liver flukes

Question 26

Fasciola life cycle (liver flukes)

Answer 26

5) Free swimming cercariae encycst on water plants
6) The now encysted metacercaria is ingested by human, sheep, or cattle
7) It excists in the duodenum
8) Matures into adult stage in hepatic biliary ducts
1) Adults pass Unembroynated eggs through feces
2) Becomes embyonated egg in water
3) Miracidia hatch (ciliated free swimming stage) and penetrate snail tissue
4) In snail they go through sporocysts to rediae to cercariae stage
5) Cercaria stage encyst on water plants

Question 27

Myxozoa life cycle

Answer 27

Fish produce infective myxospores, which parasitize invertebrates. Infected invertebrates release actinospores that attach to fish and release sporoplasm (sperm) into the fish. Once in the fish, sporoplasm cells divide to create amoeboid cells that parasitize fish however, either through morphological or neurological deformities. Within tissues, amoeboid parasite cells develop into myxospores (6-cell stage, 2 cells form polar capsules). Most myxospores are released when fish die.

Question 28

Digenea: Echinostomatiformes; Cathaemasiidae

Answer 28

includes riberoia ondatrae responsible for frog deformities

Question 29

significance of mxyzoa populations

Answer 29

economic problem due to their affects on fish

Question 30

Digenea: Plagiorchiformes

Answer 30

Order where cercaria has a simple tail with dorsal fin
Cercaria has an oral stylet (piercing mouthpart)
In most species eggs are small and eaten by snail host, miracidia do not penetrate external skin

Question 31

Digenea: Plagiorchiformes notable species

Answer 31

Diroceolium dendriticum- Lancet liver fluke
Intermediate hosts of snails/ ants
Definitive hosts: sheep goats cows
Metacercaria encysts on ants brain, makes them crawl up to a grass blade when temp is low where it gets eaten by grazing definitive host

Troglotrematidae: Paragonimus (asian lung fluke)
Transmitted to humans by eating raw or undercooked crustaceans that contain the infective metacercariae, hatch in duodenum and bore out to travel to lungs where they are walled off by bodies immune response just like schistosoma eggs.
Eggs spread by being coughed or spat out, or by swallowing mucus and passing in feces

Question 32

Digenea: Opisthorchiformes

Answer 32

Order with testes at posterior end, contains chinese liver fluke and cat liver fluke species

Question 33

Clonorchis sinensis (chinese liver fluke)

Answer 33

Cercariae encyst and form metacercariae on skin of fish (carp)
Humans contract it by eating raw or undercooked fish
Causes liver damage, infection, cancer

Question 34

deuterostomia

Answer 34

animals in which the anus develops before the mouth, include micropredators lamprey and cookiecutter sharks, candiru fish, and snub-nosed eel

Question 35

Platyhelminthes (platyzoa)

Answer 35

flatworms which include flukes, tapeworms, acantheocephalans

Question 36

Platyzoa characteristics

Answer 36

small, may have teeth, usually reduced or no coelom (trunk), include platyhelminthes, acanthocephala, mesozoa

Question 37

Platyhelminthes characteristics

Answer 37

acoelomate (no cavity except for gut), sac like gut with only one opening, ciliated epidermal cells, hermaphroditic, presence of stem cells throughout life allowing for regeneration

Question 38

Platyhelminths that have a ciliated epidermis in early stages but later develop a secondary syncytial epidermis without cilia

Answer 38

Neodermata-

Question 39

Acanthocephala general life cycle

Answer 39

3) definitive host (vertebrates) becomes infected by ingestion of intermediate host (insects)
4) adults mature in small intestine
5) ?
1) eggs shed in feces
2) eggs are ingested by intermediate host
2a) Acanthor ->
2b) Acanthella->
2c) Cystacanth

Question 40

Part of an acanthocephalan body that can be
retracted inwards and turned inside-out

Answer 40

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