exam 2 Flashcards
archaeplastida
eukaryotic parasitic algae, red or green algae
opisthokonta
eukaryotic parasites with a single posterior flagellum during at least one stage in the life cycle, includes fungi, animals and
microsporidia
members of opisthokonta and fungi, infective spores use a coiled polar filament to inject nuclei into host cell. inside the cell, they form a multinucleate sporoplasm that buds off more spores
nosema apis
fungi microsporidia that parasitizes honeybees
hosts of microsporidians
humans, especially AIDS and immunocompromised patients, mosquitoes (reducing malaria parasites)
hosts of microsporidians
humans, especially AIDS and immunocompromised patients, mosquitoes (reducing malaria parasites)
aminal characteristics
cell differentiation, extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules, gap and tight junctions between cells, and development from an embryo
animal parasite classifications
Cnidaria (myxozoans), Protostomia (leeches, flukes, tapeworms, acanthocephalans, roundworms, and parasitic arthropods), and deuterostomia
cnidaria body forms
polyp (asexual) and medusa (sexual)
Common name for a digenean trematode
fluke
Stage in a digenean’s life cycle that typically
comes from a sporocyst
Redia
Latin for “vinegar cup”; refers to the ventral sucker
of a digenean
Acetabulum
Cercaria
the bifurcate larval stage of trematodes: responsible for swimmers itch
4 orders of Digenea
-Strigeiformes
-Echinostomatiformes
-Opisthorchiformes
-Plagiorchiforme
Digenea: Strigeiformes
contain the schistosomatoids that include Schistosoma. Have separate sexes, adults mature in host circulatory system, first described by german parasitologist Theodor Bilharz in 1851, called bilharzia in old texts
Digenea: schistosoma life cycle
5) Humans are infected by contact with water containing schistosoma cercariae
6) cercariae burrow into skin
7) Cercariae lose tails during penetration and become schistosomulae (nonflagellated larval stage)
8) Circulation
9) migrate to portal blood in liver and mature into adults
10) Paired (male and female) adult worms migrate to either- mesenteric venules of bowel/ rectum (to lay eggs that circulated to liver and shed in stools, or - venous plexus of bladder (for eggs to pass through urine- depends on species
1) eggs pass through urine or feces
2) eggs hatch releasing miracidia (free swimming, cilliated larval stage)
3) miracidia swim to host (usually snails) and penetrate skin
4) Sporocysts are released from snails- develop into cercariae —>
Phylum that includes digeneans, eucestodes,
“turbellarians”, and so on
Platyhelminths
myxozoa
extremely reduced cnidaria, obligate parasites, alternate between fish and invertebrate
Main cause of symptoms in Schistosoma
Eggs migrating cause most of the symptoms, creating immune response and forming granulomas that actually protect the eggs
polar filaments
penetrative structure, similar to nematocysts, that pierce host cells, usually fish
Digenea: Strigeiformes: Strigeoids
Common north american strigeoid- Uvulifer-
Adults live in fish eating birds. Uvulifer cercariae burrow into fish skin and form metacercariae (tailless encysted late larva of trematode, infective form) that are heavily pigmented
actinospores
released by worms infected with a mxyzoan parasite, containing a packet of sporoplasm (64 germ cells) and 3 polar capsules to attach the actinospore to and to make a hole to inject the sperm
Digenea: Echinostomatiformes: echinostomatidae
Often have scales or spines on body, especially anterior end
Have Acetabulum (ventral sucker) anterior near the oral sucker
widespread wildlife parasite, not very host specific, have 2 intermediate hosts
“whirling disease”
affects of myxozoa parasites where the skeleton, nerves, and spinal cord of a fish are attacked
Digenea: Echinostomatiformes: Fasciolidae
Liver flukes
Fasciola life cycle (liver flukes)
5) Free swimming cercariae encycst on water plants
6) The now encysted metacercaria is ingested by human, sheep, or cattle
7) It excists in the duodenum
8) Matures into adult stage in hepatic biliary ducts
1) Adults pass Unembroynated eggs through feces
2) Becomes embyonated egg in water
3) Miracidia hatch (ciliated free swimming stage) and penetrate snail tissue
4) In snail they go through sporocysts to rediae to cercariae stage
5) Cercaria stage encyst on water plants
Myxozoa life cycle
Fish produce infective myxospores, which parasitize invertebrates. Infected invertebrates release actinospores that attach to fish and release sporoplasm (sperm) into the fish. Once in the fish, sporoplasm cells divide to create amoeboid cells that parasitize fish however, either through morphological or neurological deformities. Within tissues, amoeboid parasite cells develop into myxospores (6-cell stage, 2 cells form polar capsules). Most myxospores are released when fish die.
Digenea: Echinostomatiformes; Cathaemasiidae
includes riberoia ondatrae responsible for frog deformities
significance of mxyzoa populations
economic problem due to their affects on fish
Digenea: Plagiorchiformes
Order where cercaria has a simple tail with dorsal fin
Cercaria has an oral stylet (piercing mouthpart)
In most species eggs are small and eaten by snail host, miracidia do not penetrate external skin
Digenea: Plagiorchiformes notable species
Diroceolium dendriticum- Lancet liver fluke
Intermediate hosts of snails/ ants
Definitive hosts: sheep goats cows
Metacercaria encysts on ants brain, makes them crawl up to a grass blade when temp is low where it gets eaten by grazing definitive host
Troglotrematidae: Paragonimus (asian lung fluke)
Transmitted to humans by eating raw or undercooked crustaceans that contain the infective metacercariae, hatch in duodenum and bore out to travel to lungs where they are walled off by bodies immune response just like schistosoma eggs.
Eggs spread by being coughed or spat out, or by swallowing mucus and passing in feces
Digenea: Opisthorchiformes
Order with testes at posterior end, contains chinese liver fluke and cat liver fluke species
Clonorchis sinensis (chinese liver fluke)
Cercariae encyst and form metacercariae on skin of fish (carp)
Humans contract it by eating raw or undercooked fish
Causes liver damage, infection, cancer
deuterostomia
animals in which the anus develops before the mouth, include micropredators lamprey and cookiecutter sharks, candiru fish, and snub-nosed eel
Platyhelminthes (platyzoa)
flatworms which include flukes, tapeworms, acantheocephalans
Platyzoa characteristics
small, may have teeth, usually reduced or no coelom (trunk), include platyhelminthes, acanthocephala, mesozoa
Platyhelminthes characteristics
acoelomate (no cavity except for gut), sac like gut with only one opening, ciliated epidermal cells, hermaphroditic, presence of stem cells throughout life allowing for regeneration
Platyhelminths that have a ciliated epidermis in early stages but later develop a secondary syncytial epidermis without cilia
Neodermata-
Acanthocephala general life cycle
3) definitive host (vertebrates) becomes infected by ingestion of intermediate host (insects)
4) adults mature in small intestine
5) ?
1) eggs shed in feces
2) eggs are ingested by intermediate host
2a) Acanthor ->
2b) Acanthella->
2c) Cystacanth
Part of an acanthocephalan body that can be
retracted inwards and turned inside-out
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