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Bio 150 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that exchange genes within the group, but cannot do so with other groups

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2
Q

Biological species concept

A

Species are classified through reproductive isolation

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3
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Species are classified through morphological traits

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4
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Species are classified through evolutionary history

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5
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A trait found in certain groups and their common ancestor but is missing in more distant ancestors

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6
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of a new species

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7
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Geographic isolation that creates new species

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8
Q

Dispersal

A

Movement of individuals from one place to another

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9
Q

Vicariance

A

Physical splitting of a habitat

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10
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation occurs between populations in the same geographic area

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11
Q

Sympatry

A

Populations live in the same geographic area

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12
Q

Extrinsic factors

A

Disruptive selection due to environmental difference or mate preference (outside the organism)

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13
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

Chromosomal mutations (inside the organism)

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14
Q

Polyploidy

A

Condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes

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15
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

Mutation results in the doubling of chromosome number and all chromosomes come from the same species

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16
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Parents of different species mate and an error in mitosis occurs

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17
Q

Phylogeny

A

Branching evolutionary history of related species

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18
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A graph that allows us to visualize phylogeny

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19
Q

Systematics

A

Discipline of biology that characterizes and classified the relationships among all organisms on earth

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20
Q

Branch

A

A line represent a species or other taxon through time

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21
Q

Root

A

Most ancestral branch of a tree

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22
Q

Tip

A

Endpoint of a branch, representing living or extinct species

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23
Q

Outgroup

A

A taxon that diverged before the rest of the taxa that are the focus of the study

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24
Q

Node/fork

A

A point within the tree where a branch splits into two or more branches, represents the most recent common ancestor

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25
Q

Polytomy

A

A node that depicts an ancestral branch dividing into three or more descendant branches, usually indicates insufficient data were available to resolve which taxa were more closely related

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26
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

An ancestral populations and some (but not all) of its descendants

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27
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

Share similar traits but does not include the most recent common ancestor

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28
Q

Ancestral trait

A

A character that existed in an ancestor

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29
Q

Derived trait

A

A modified form of an ancestral trait found in a descendant

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30
Q

Homology

A

When two organisms share a trait due to common ancestor

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31
Q

Homoplasy

A

When similar traits evolve independently in two or more lineages

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32
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar traits in different species due to similar environmental conditions or ways of life

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33
Q

Anagenesis

A

When an original species is transformed into a different species over many generations

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34
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Pattern of branching in which an ancestral species gives rise to two or more species

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35
Q

Parsimony

A

The most likely explanation requires the fewest steps

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36
Q

Fossil record

A

All fossils that have been found in earth and described within scientific literature

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37
Q

Fossil

A

Any trace of an organism that lived in the past

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38
Q

Extant species

A

A species living today

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39
Q

Geologic time scale

A

A sequence of named intervals that represent the major events in earths history

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40
Q

Transitional feature

A

A trait in a fossil species that is intermediate between ancestral and derived species

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41
Q

Genetic homology

A

Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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42
Q

Developmental homology

A

Similarity in embryonic form or developmental processes due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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43
Q

Structural homology

A

Similarity in adult organismal structures due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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44
Q

Ecology

A

Study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

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45
Q

Organismal ecology

A

Study of how morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations increase fitness in a particular environment

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46
Q

Population ecology

A

How the number and distribution of individuals in a population change over time

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47
Q

Community ecology

A

Asks questions about nature and the consequences of species interactions

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48
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

Study of how nutrients and energy move among organisms and through the surrounding atmosphere, soil, and water

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49
Q

Biosphere

A

a thin zone surrounding the earth where all life exists

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50
Q

Global ecology

A

Study of the effects of human impacts on the biosphere

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51
Q

Climate

A

Prevailing long term weather conditions in an area

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52
Q

Weather

A

Short term conditions of temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

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53
Q

Hadley cell

A

The area between the equator and 30 degrees north and south of it

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54
Q

Mud-latitude cell

A

The cell above the Hadley cell

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55
Q

Season

A

Regular, annual fluctuations of temp, precipitation, or both

56
Q

Gyres

A

Cyclical ocean currents that move warm water to more northern latitudes and cold water to tropical latitudes

57
Q

Biome

A

Regions characterized by distinct abiotic characteristics and dominant types of vegetation

58
Q

Littoral zone

A

Water along the shore shallow enough for plants to take root

59
Q

Limnetic zone

A

Water that receives enough light for photosynthesis but is too deep for plants to take root

60
Q

Distribution

A

How organisms are arranged over space

61
Q

Species distribution

A

Where that species can be found geographically

62
Q

Performance

A

Any trait that impacts fitness

63
Q

T0

A

Optimum temp for survival

64
Q

CTmin

A

Minimum temp for survival

65
Q

CTmax

A

Maximum temp for survival

66
Q

Tolerance breadth

A

All the temps in which an organism can survive

67
Q

Niche

A

An organisms place in the environment

68
Q

Ecological niche

A

The limits for all important environmental features within which individuals of a species can survive, grow, and reproduce

69
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Abiotic factors

70
Q

Realized niche

A

The portion of the fundamental niche actually occupied by the species

71
Q

Metapopulation

A

A population of populations connected by dispersal

72
Q

Demography

A

The study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time

73
Q

Immigration

A

Organisms move into the population

74
Q

Emigration

A

Organisms leave the population

75
Q

Life table

A

Summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce at any given interval of their life

76
Q

Cohort

A

A group of individuals of the same age

77
Q

Type 1 curve

A

Survivorship throughout life is high and drastically drops in old age

78
Q

Type 2 curve

A

Individuals have the same probability of dying each year of life

79
Q

Type 3 curve

A

Extremely high death rates in early life stages but high survival rates for individuals that make it past this stage

80
Q

Fecundity

A

The number of female offspring produced by each female in the population

81
Q

Net reproductive rate

A

Survivorship multiplied by fecundity

82
Q

Life history

A

How and indivisible allocates resources to reproduction, growth, and survival

83
Q

Life history traits

A

Traits that affect the amount of reproduction or the development of offspring

84
Q

N

A

Population size

85
Q

t

A

Time

86
Q

r

A

Per capita rate of increase (birth rate- death rate)

87
Q

R

A

Net reproductive rate

88
Q

g

A

Generation time

89
Q

Intrinsic rate of increase

A

When the birth rates are as high as possible or as low as possible

90
Q

Nt

A

Population size at the end of time

91
Q

N0

A

Population size at time 0

92
Q

Carrying capacity

A

K- the maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time

93
Q

Mutualism

A

Interaction from which both species benefit

94
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits while the other is unaffected

95
Q

Parasitism

A

Parasite lives on or in a host and feeds of the flesh and fluid of the host

96
Q

Symbiosis

A

An interaction between organisms living in close physical association

97
Q

Predation

A

One organism benefits by preying on the other, which is negatively effected

98
Q

Herbivory

A

Animal species benefits by feeding on a plant species which is negatively affected

99
Q

Competition

A

An interaction between individuals in which each is harmed by their shared use of a limited source

100
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Among individuals if the same species

101
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Among individuals of different species

102
Q

Interference competition

A

Direct competition in which one individual physically excludes the other from that portion of the habitat

103
Q

Exploitative competition

A

Indirect competition in which use of resources depleted the amount available to others

104
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

If two species require the same resources , they cannot coexist indefinitely

105
Q

Niche partitioning

A

When competing species use different resources to reduce competition

106
Q

Character displacement

A

Genetically based divergence in phenotypic traits results in decreased competition between species

107
Q

Coevolution

A

A pattern of evolution in which two interacting species reciprocally influence each other’s adaptations over time

108
Q

Evolutionary arms race

A

A mechanism of circulation that occurs in +/- species interactions. Traits that increase feeding efficiency evolve in predators. In response, traits evolve in prey that make them unpalatable or elusive

109
Q

Disturbance

A

Any strong, short-lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of biotic and abiotic factors

110
Q

Disturbance regime

A

Predictable severity and frequency of characteristic disturbances in a community

111
Q

Succession

A

Predictable pattern of community dynamics after a disturbance where species with certain life history patterns succeed each other

112
Q

Pioneering species

A

A species adapted for growth in disturbed souls that devote most of their energy to reproduction, not competition

113
Q

Dominant species

A

Most abundant species in a community

114
Q

Keystone species

A

A species with a much greater impact on the distribution and abundance of the surrounding species than predicted by abundance

115
Q

Species diversity

A

The number of species and abundance of each species

116
Q

Sampling effort

A

How many sample are required to characterize a community

117
Q

Diversity indices

A

A mathematical measure of diversity that takes into account species diversity and richness

118
Q

Primary producers

A

Organisms that transform solar energy into chemical energy as sugars and carbohydrates

119
Q

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

Measures the total amount of chemical energy produced within an area over a given time period

120
Q

NPP

A

The total amount of chemical energy stored in organic material in an ecosystem (biomass)

121
Q

Tropic levels

A

Organisms that obtain their energy from the same source

122
Q

Productivity

A

Rate of biomass produced by growth and reproduction

123
Q

Efficiency

A

Fraction of biomass transferred from one trophies level to the next

124
Q

Biomagnification

A

Persistent organic pollutants ( POP’s) increase in concentration at higher levels of the food chain

125
Q

Decomposes

A

Organisms that feed on dead organisms

126
Q

Detritus

A

Dead animals and dead plant tissue

127
Q

Bottom- up control

A

When the amount of nutrients, sunlight, water, and other abiotic factors determine the abundance of different tropic levels

128
Q

Top- down control

A

When the presence of certain consumers (biotic factors) determine the abundance of different tropic levels

129
Q

Tropic cascade

A

When the changes in top down control cause conspicuous effects toe or three links away in a food web

130
Q

Nutrients

A

Elements that are essential for normal metabolism, growth, and reproduction

131
Q

Biochemical cycle

A

The path an element takes as it moves as it moves from abiotic systems, through tropic levels, and back again

132
Q

Soil organic matter

A

Complex mixture of partially and fully decomposed detritus

133
Q

Humus

A

Completely decayed detritus, rich in humid acids

134
Q

Reservoirs

A

Areas where elements are stored within a cycle

135
Q

Flow

A

Processes that moves elements from one reservoir to another

136
Q

Groundwater

A

A reservoir of freshwater stored in the ground

137
Q

Aquifers

A

Layers of porous substrate saturated with water

Bio 150 (5 decks)

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