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Bio 150 > Exam 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Level of biological organization:

A

Atoms to molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, biosphere

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2
Q

Theory:

A

An explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that has been repeatedly tested with the scientific method

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3
Q

Hypothesis:

A

A proposed explanation based on limited evidence

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4
Q

Null hypothesis:

A

The hypothesis is not the explanation

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5
Q

Independent variable

A

Not affected by the experiment, value does not change

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6
Q

Dependent variable

A

Changes with the experiment/ what is being tested

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7
Q

Control:

A

Provides a baseline for the experiment

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8
Q

Treatment groups

A

The item or subject that is manipulated

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9
Q

X- axis

A

Independent variable

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10
Q

Y-axis

A

Dependent variable

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11
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, stores genetic information, sugar-phosphate base

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12
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA was a double helix with antiparallel strands. Used the chargaff rule to determine nucleotides, determined nucleotides are linked through hydrogen bonding

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13
Q

Franklin & Wilkins

A

Researchers who helped Watson & Crick

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14
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid: a messenger that carries genetic information from DNA to the proteins in a cell

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15
Q

Hershey-Chase Experiment

A

Used the presence of phosphorous in DNA and sulfur in proteins ti confirm that DNA is the genetic material, not protein

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16
Q

Polymer

A

Any large molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together

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17
Q

Nucleotides

A

A molecule consisting of a five carbon sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous based

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18
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Nitrogen containing biological compounds that form nucleosides

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19
Q

Purines

A

A class of double ringed nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides (Adenine, guanine)

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20
Q

Pyrimidine

A

A class of single-ringed nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides (Cytosine, uracil, thymine)

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21
Q

Sugar-phosphate backbone

A

The portion of the DNA double helix that provides structure and support to the molecule

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22
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

The association between specific nitrogenous based of nucleic acids stabilized by hydrogen bonding

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23
Q

Phospodiester linkage

A

Chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotides in DNA and RNA. Forms when the phosphate group of one nucleotide condenses with the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide

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24
Q

Anti-parallel double helix

A

Describes the opposite orientation of nucleic acid strands that are hydrogen bonded to one another

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25
Q

Histone proteins

A

A member of a class of positively charged (basic) proteins associated with DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotic cells

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26
Q

Chromosome

A

Gene- carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double stranded DNA and associated proteins

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27
Q

DNA replication

A

The process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from the original DNA molecule

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28
Q

Semi-conservative

A

The way DNA replicates, with each strand of an existing DNA molecule serving as a template to create a new complementary DNA strand

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29
Q

Replication bubble

A

An unwound and open region of DNA where DNA replication occurs

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30
Q

Replication fork

A

The Y shaped site where a double-stranded molecule is DNA is separated into two single strands for replication and on which DNA synthesis occurs

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31
Q

Origin of replication

A

A particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated

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32
Q

Template strand

A

A strand of RNA or DNA used to make a new, complementary strand via complementary base pairing

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33
Q

Non-template strand

A

The strand of DNA that is not transcribed during synthesis of RNA

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34
Q

Leading strand

A

The new strand of DNA that is synthesized in one continuous piece in a direction that follows the replication fork

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35
Q

Lagging strand

A

The new strand of DNA that is synthesized discontinuously (as a series of short pieces that are later joined) in a direction moving away from the replication fork

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36
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA

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37
Q

Central dogma

A

The scheme for information flow in in the cell (DNA transcription RNA translation PROTEIN)

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38
Q

Transcription

A

The process that uses a DNA template strand to produce complementary RNA

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39
Q

Translation

A

The process by which a polypeptide is synthesized from information in codons of messenger RNA

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40
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA, carried information from DNA to proteins

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41
Q

Ribosome

A

A large macro molecular machine that synthesized proteins by using the genetic information encoded in mRNA

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42
Q

Triplet

A

A code in which a “word” of three letters encodes one piece of information

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43
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for an amino acid or a stop signal for protein synthesis

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44
Q

Amino acid

A

A small organic molecule with a central carbon atom bonded to an amino acid group, a carbonyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain

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45
Q

Protein

A

A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptide chains

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46
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain typically consisting of 50 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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47
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein catalyst used by living organisms to increase the rate of biological reactions

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48
Q

Start codon

A

The AUG triple in mRNA where protein synthesis begins; codes for the amino acid methionine

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49
Q

Stop codon

A

Any of the three mRNA triplets (UAG, UGA, or UAA) that cause the termination of protein synthesis

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50
Q

Base pair wobble

A

A pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules

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51
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that contains the regulatory sequences and coding information for the transcription of one or more related RNA molecules, some of which encode polypeptides

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52
Q

Loci/locus

A

A gene’s physical location on a chromosome

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53
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins, mainly histones, that compose eukaryotic chromosomes.

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54
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

In diploid organisms, a member of a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content

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55
Q

Sister chromatid

A

The paired, double stranded DNA copies of a recently replicated chromosome. Connected tightly at the centromere and eventually separate during anaphase of mitosis or meiosis II

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56
Q

Centromere

A

The region of a replicated chromosome where the two sister chromatic a are joined most tightly. The kinetochore is formed during the M phase

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57
Q

Karyotype

A

The distinctive appearance of all the metaphase or prometaphase chromosomes in an individual, including the number of chromosomes, their length, and their banding patterns

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58
Q

Diploids

A

A cell or organism with two sets of chromosomes

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59
Q

Haploid

A

A cell or organism with one set of chromosomes

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60
Q

Gene expression

A

The entire set of processes, including transcription and translation, that convert the information in DNA into a product of a gene, most commonly a protein, that contributes to the phenotype of a cell organism

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61
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles of a gene present in a given individual

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62
Q

One gene, one enzyme hypothesis

A

The theory that each gene directly produces a single enzyme

63
Q

Phenotype

A

The detectable traits of an individual

64
Q

Alleles

A

A particular version of a gene

65
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele whose phenotypic effect is observed when it is present in homozygous or heterozygous form

66
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele whose phenotypic effect is observed only in homozygous individuals

67
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles of a gene

68
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles of a gene

69
Q

Mutation

A

Any permanent change in the hereditary material of an organism

70
Q

Point mutation

A

A mutation that results in a change in or an insertion or deletion of a single base pair in DNA

71
Q

Silent mutation

A

A mutation that changes the sequence of a codon without changing the amino acid that is specified

72
Q

Missense mutation

A

A point mutation that changes one amino acid for another within a protein

73
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A point mutation that converts an amino-acid-specifying codon into a stop codon

74
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

The addition or deletion of one or a few base pairs in a coding sequence that shifts the reading frame of the mRNA

75
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Any change in the chromosome number, or the change in the composition of individual chromosomes as a result of inversions, translocations, deletions, or duplications during cell division

76
Q

Chromosome deletion

A

The loss of part of a chromosome

77
Q

Chromosome duplication

A

A chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is an extra copy of genetic material on the short arm

78
Q

Chromosome inversion

A

A chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end

79
Q

Chromosome translocation

A

When a chromosome breaks and the fragmented pieces reattach to different chromosomes

80
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

The father of genetics

81
Q

Blending inheritance

A

The theory that offspring inherit a blend of the parents genes

82
Q

Model organism

A

An organism selected for scientific study based on its features that make it easy to work with

83
Q

Pure breeding/true breeding lines

A

A strain that produces offspring identical to the parents when mates within the strain

84
Q

Genetic cross

A

The purposeful mating of two individuals resulting in the combination of genetic material in offspring

85
Q

Hybrids

A

The offspring of parents from two different strains

86
Q

Parental generation

A

The adults used in the first experimental cross of a breeding experiment

87
Q

F1

A

The first set of offspring

88
Q

F2

A

The second set of offspring

89
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

The mating between two homozygous parents that differ in alleles of one gene

90
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

Discrete particles are passed from parents to offspring

91
Q

Principle of segregation

A

A hybrid between two parents different in a set of characters posses both parental factors which subsequently segregate

92
Q

Gamete

A

A haploid reproductive cell that ca fuse with another haploid reproductive cell of the opposite sec to for a diploid zygote

93
Q

Punnet square

A

A squared diagram used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment

94
Q

Independent assortment

A

The concept that each pair of hereditary elements segregates independently of alleles of other genes during meiosis

95
Q

Dependent assortment

A

Null hypothesis to independent assortment

96
Q

Mendelian inheritance

A

Patterns of how traits are passed from parent to offspring that follow the law of segregation, the law of dominance, and the law of independent assortment

97
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A mating between two homozygous parents that differ in alleles of two different genes

98
Q

Linked genes

A

A physical association between two genes because they are on the same chromosome

99
Q

Meiosis 1

A

The first cell diction of meiosis in which synapsis, crossing over, and independent assortment occur

100
Q

Meiosis 2

A

The second cell division of meiosis, in which sister chromatids are separated from each other

101
Q

Maternal chromosome

A

The chromosome coming from the mother

102
Q

Paternal chromosome

A

The chromosome coming from the father

103
Q

Daughter cell

A

The result of a single dividing parent cell

104
Q

Independent assortment of chromosome

A

Genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

105
Q

Crossing over

A

The swapping of genetic material

106
Q

Random fertilization

A

There is a random chance that each egg and sperm will join one another

107
Q

Genetic recombination

A

The exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring

108
Q

Population

A

A distinct group of individuals

109
Q

Variation

A

Various differences between biological species and individuals

110
Q

Gene pool

A

The stock of different breeding genes in an interbreeding population

111
Q

Allele frequency

A

The frequency of an allele in a population

112
Q

Equilibrium

A

The condition of achieving balance

113
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

A state of agreement between observed allele frequencies in a population and allele frequencies found by the hardy-Weinberg principle

114
Q

Modern synthesis of evolution

A

The unified theory of evolution based on Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution

115
Q

Evolution

A

Any change in the heritable characteristics of a population

116
Q

Migration/gene flow

A

The introduction of genetic material from one population to another through migration

117
Q

Genetic drift

A

Variation in allele and genotypic frequencies in a population

118
Q

Founders effect

A

The reduction in genetic variation

119
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A sharp reduction of a population due to things like natural disasters

120
Q

Admixed population

A

When a populations members possess recent ancestry from two or more sources

121
Q

Non-random mating

A

Any mating in a population where crosses between the various types of individuals do not occur in the frequencies that are expected by chance

122
Q

Positive assortative mating

A

Organisms choose to mate with similar organisms

123
Q

Negative assortative mating

A

Organism choose to mate with organisms different from themselves

124
Q

Inbreeding

A

Breeding between related individuals

125
Q

Homozygosity

A

The possession of two identical alleles

126
Q

Heterozygosity

A

Having two different alleles of a gene

127
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

The decline in average fitness that takes place when homozygosity increases and heterozygosity decreased in a population due to inbreeding

128
Q

Genetic rescue

A

A mitigation strategy designed to restore genetic diversity and reduce extinction risks in small, isolated and frequently inbred populations

129
Q

Typological thinking

A

Classifies things only in terms of the types they belong and view variation as abnormal

130
Q

Plato and the “perfect essence”

A

Claimed every organism was an example of a perfect essence, or type, created by god, and these types were unchanging

131
Q

Aristotle and the “great chain of being”

A

Species were fixed types organized into a sequence based on increased size and complexity

132
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

Developed the law of use and disuse and the law of inheritance of squired characteristics

133
Q

Use and disuse hypothesis

A

More frequent use of organs strengthens, develops, and enlarges then

134
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics hypothesis

A

All the acquisitions or losses on individuals are preserved and carried onto offspring

135
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Described variation among individuals in a populations, across different populations of the same species, and across closely related species

136
Q

Artificial selection

A

The identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations

137
Q

Natural selection

A

A process through which individuals with certain characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate because of those characteristics

138
Q

Fitness

A

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce compared to other individuals in the population

139
Q

Four requirements of evolution

A

Variation, inheritance, struggle for existence, differential survival and reproduction

140
Q

Mechanisms of evolution

A

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and selection

141
Q

Directional selection

A

Individuals at one phenotypic extreme are favored

142
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Individuals with an intermediate phenotype are favored

143
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Individuals at both phenotypic extremes are favored

144
Q

Heterozygous advantage

A

When the heterozygous phenotype has a higher fitness than either homozygous dominant or recessive genotypes

145
Q

Adaptation

A

A characteristic of an organism that improves its fitness

146
Q

“Just-so” stories

A

A story that purports to explain how evolution happens but is just a theoretical explanation lacking evidence

147
Q

Sexual selection

A

Selection because of preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of another sex

148
Q

Mate choice

A

Intersexual selection

149
Q

Mate competition

A

Intrasexual selection

150
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Individuals of the same sex compete with each other to obtain mates

151
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Selection of an individual if one sex for mating by an individual of another sex

152
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Where the sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics

153
Q

Bateman-Trivers hypothesis

A

Variances in matings and reproductive success are greater among the sex with “cheaper” gametes and in greater abundance

Bio 150 (5 decks)

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