EXAM #2

Question 1

positive transfer

Answer 1

Previous practice in one
skill assists learning of a
new skill

Question 2

why do we practice?

Answer 2

To increase our capability of performing a skill in
future situations (retention and/or transfer).

Question 3

what may occur when varying the variety of movement or context charcterisitcs experienced during practice of a skill?

Answer 3

poor performance in practice’
better performance in retention and transfer

Question 4

how does the nervous system learn the relationship between descending motor commands and movement outcomes?

Answer 4

via sensory feedback

Question 5

are results improved from retention and transfer of learned motor skills

Answer 5

YES

Question 6

T OR F: would you want low variability for early learners?

Answer 6

YES variability produces greater error

Question 7

what is stage 1?

Answer 7

Getting the idea of the movement -
Variability in practice may interfere with this stage

Question 8

what is stage 2?

Answer 8

Fixation and diversification – requires
variability in practice

Question 9

what can vary in practice?

Answer 9

context (environment): regulatory conditions and non-regulatory conditions

skill (task): movement patterns and movement parameters

Question 10

does variability in the environment require variability in the skill (diversification)?

Answer 10

YES

Question 11

closed (stationary) environment

Answer 11

When regulatory or non-regulatory conditions vary in ‘real’ performance, they should also vary in practice

Question 12

regulatory conditions of inter-trial variability

Answer 12

practice should vary distances, snow characteristics, slope

Question 13

non-regulatory conditions of inter-trial variability

Answer 13

distant rock formations, crowd

Question 14

regulatory conditions of (no inter-trial variability)

Answer 14

Practice should not vary regulatory
conditions (e.g., height, width)

Question 15

non-regulatory conditions of (no inter-trial variability)

Answer 15

Should vary crowd noise, game
‘situations’, etc.

Question 16

If there is always inter-trial variability …

Answer 16

regulatory and non
-regulatory conditions should vary in practice

Question 17

T OR F: Early learners need low variability

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

Fractionization

Answer 18

Practice parts
separately. Put
together when each
part is learned

Question 19

Segmentation

Answer 19

Practice part A, then
B, then AB, then C,
then ABC =
Progressive chaining

Question 20

Simplification

Answer 20

A variation on
whole practice;
reduces difficulty
of the entire skill

Question 21

random practice

Answer 21

putting parts together in a different order

Question 22

blocked practice

Answer 22

learn each part seperately

Question 23

serial practice

Answer 23

connect the parts in the same order each time

Question 24

T OR F = Random practice results in better learning and retention compared to blocked practice

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

blocked practice results in ….?

Answer 25

better practice performance

Question 26

random practice results in ….?

Answer 26

better learning = retention

Question 27

does learning benefit from high contextual interference?

Answer 27

yes it increases retention and transfer

Question 28

what is most apparent in more skilled performers?

Answer 28

expectation

Question 29

what is least apparent in less skilled performers?

Answer 29

• blocked practice no different from random practice
• no expectation

Question 30

massed practice

Answer 30

rest between sessions are short

Question 31

distributed practice

Answer 31

rest between sessions are longer than practice

Question 32

what does distributed practice lead to better performance in?

Answer 32

practice and retention

Question 33

disadvantages of massed practice

Answer 33

Increased fatigue in massed practice
Decreased cognitive processing/effort in massed Decreased opportunities for memory consolidation in massed

Question 34

T OR F: Expert-level performance is primarily the result of expert-level practice… NOT due to innate ability.

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

what is deliberate practice?

Answer 35

Deliberate practice is a highly structured activity
with the specific goal of improving performance.

Question 36

what does training in deliberate practice look like?

Answer 36

• not leisure
• performer is motivated
• task design takes into account pre-existing knowledge (best with tutor/coach)
• immediate informative feedback (KP)
• lots of repetition

Question 37

practice variability

Answer 37

the variety of movement and context
characteristics a person experiences while practicing a skill

Question 38

contextual interference

Answer 38

the memory and performance
disruption (i.e., interference) that results from performing multiple skills or variations of a skill during practice