Exam #2 Flashcards
Symbols
Represent our thoughts, feelings etc.
Comprehension
Understanding language
production
Speaking, writing, etc.
Does comprehension or production come first?
Comprehension
Generativity
Using a finite amount of sounds to express an infinite amount of ideas.
Phonemes
Syllables
Phonological development
Mimicking sounds to learn to speak.
Morphemes
Sounds that make up and add meaning to words
Semantic development
Learning of a language
Syntax
Order of different word categories in a sentence to make sense
Syntactic development
Learning the syntax of a language
Pragmatic development
Learning slang and how language is used in your culture.
Operant conditioning
Teaching someone if YOU do this, something happens. (Positive and negative punishment and reinforcement)
Which brain side for language (besides pitch)
Left
Critical period For language
Before 7 years
Bilingualism
Good
Humans need to be around____to develop language
Other humans (even children can and will develop their own language, like what happened in Nicaragua)
IDS
Infant directed speech. Helps kids learn intonation and facial expressions. Not all cultures use it. Americans are the most.
Prosody
rhythm, tempo, cadence, intonation, etc of a language being spoken
Categorical perception
infants and adults hear different sounds as belonging to different categories, being different things. They know inherently that “bed” is different from “ben”.
VOT
Voice onset time. time difference between air coming out of the mouth and vocal cords. (Pa vs ba) kids pay more attention to this than adults. This is crucial for infants’ development of categorical perception, it’s one of the ways how they differentiate between sounds.
12 months of age
infants have honed in on their native language and stop being able to differentiate between the phonemes of other languages. This honing is ACTIVE.
Active honing
requires the infant to speak and hear their native language more than others.
Word Segmentation
learning where words begin and end. learn this process in tandem with honing in on the phonemes of their native language, and can do it proficiently by the end of their first year (12 months).
Distributional properties
in any language, certain sounds or letters are more likely to appear than others. In English, E and S are both very common sounds.
Babbling
babies will babble even in ASL if they’re deaf! They’re practicing phonemes
The Holophrastic Period
is a period in which children only express ideas in one-word sentences, like saying “Drink!” to express a desire for a glass of water.
Overextension
Because infants and small children have a VERY limited vocabulary, sometimes they will use a word beyond it’s actual meaning to represent larger concepts, such as calling any four legged animal a “dog” or any man “daddy”.
Word acquisition in infants follows a _____
Quadratic curve. more words being learned per month the longer time goes on.
Reference
is the next step of language development, it’s assigning meaning to words, such as knowing what a “cup” actually is. One of the first examples of this is their own name, followed by “mommy” and “daddy”.
Problem of reference
Babies have to learn what words mean
