Exam 2 Flashcards
Describe the trapezius
external occipital protuberance, ligament nuchae, sp. C7-T12
scapular spine, acromial process, lateral 1/3 clavicle
CN 11
elevation, rotation of scapula
describe the semispinalis capitis
transverse process T7-C7, articular process C4-6
between inferior and superior nuchal line, deep to trap
dorsal rami
head EXT, ipsi SB, contra RT
describe the splenius capitis
ligament nuchae, sp. C7-T3
superior nuchal line, mastoid process
dorsal rami
neck/head EXT, ipsi SB/RT
describe longissmus capitis
transverse process C4-T5
mastoid process
dorsal rami
ipsi RT
describe obliques capitis superior
transverse process of atlas
between superior nuchal line and inferior
dorsal rami
head EXT, ipsi SB, contra RT
describe rectus capitis posterior major
sp of axis
lateral inferior nuchal line
dorsal rami
head EXT, ipsi RT
describe rectus capitis posterior minor
posterior tubercle of atlas
medial inferior nuchal line
dorsal rami
head EXT
describe rectus capitis lateralis
transverse process C1
occiput
ventral rami
stabilizer
describe rectus capitis anterior
transverse process C1 and anterior arch
occiput
ventral rami
stabilizer
describe longus capitis
transverse process C3-6
basilar part of occipital bone
ventral rami
stabilzer
describe posterior digastric belly
mastoid notch
hyoid body
facial n
hyoid elevation, retraction of mandible
describe sternocleidomastoid
manubrium and proximal clavicle
mastoid process and nuchal line
CN 11
ipsi SB, contra RT, FLX, thorax and shoulder elevation
describe the stylohyoid
styloid process
hyoid bone
facial n
hyoid elevation
what is the vertebral body
large cylindrical mass of trabecular bone
weight bearing structure
what is the intervertebral disc
thick ring of specialized fibrocartilage between vb
shock absorber and spacers
what is an interbody jt
cartiliginous jt formed from superior and inferior surfaces of an intervertebral disc and adjacent vb
bound between vertebraes
what is a pedicle
short, thick dorsal projection from bone
connects vb to the posterior elements of a vertebrae
what is a lamina
thin vertical plate of bone connecting the base of sp to tp
protects posterior aspect of spinal cord
what is the intervertebral foramen
lateral opening between adjacent vertebrae
passageway for spinal n
what are transverse process
horizontal projection of bone from junction of lamina and pedicle
attachments for muscle and ligaments and ribs
what are the spinous process
dorsal midline projection of bone from lamina
midline attachments for muscles and ligaments
what is a costovertebral jt
connects the head of the rib to a pair of costal demifacets that spans 2 adjacent vertebraes
what is the costotransverse jt
connects articular tubercle of rib to costal facet on tp of corresponding rib
rib out
What is the difference between sternocostal, costochondral, and interchondral
Sternocostal- sternum plus costal cartilage
Costochondral- rib plus costal cartilage
Interchondral- false ribs cartilage to sternum
What is lordosis
Cervical and lumbar convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly
What is kyphosis
Sacrum and thoracic, convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly
Where is the line of gravity
Near mastoid process, anterior to S2, posterior to hips, anterior to knee and ankle
What can alter the line of gravity
Fat deposition
Hypomobility in the spine
Posture
Muscle strength and endurance
Connective tissues extensibility
Position and magnitude of loads
Facet orientation
Disease
What is ligament flavum
Anterior surface on laminate to posterior surface of one below
80% elastin 20% collagen
Constant modest resistance throughout wide range of flex ion with 35% elongation
Thickest
Small but constant compression/stabilization in neutral
What is interspinous ligament
Fill space of adjacent spinous processes
Resist flexion
Deep=More elastin
Superficial= more collagen
What is the supraspinous ligament
Attaches between the tips of the spinous processes
Resist flexion
Have more collagen
What is ligamentum nuchae
Tough bilaminar strip of fibroelastic tissue attaches cervical processes and external occipital protuberance
Midline attachment for muscles
Passive tension for extension support
what is the intertransverse ligament
thin, membranous
taut in contralateral lateral flexion
slightly tight in forward flexion
what is the anterior longitudinal ligament
long, strong, straplike
basilar part of occipital bone to sacrum
taut in extension and slack in flexion
what is the posterior longitudinal ligament
entire length of posterior surface of all vertebral bodies to sacrum
anterior to spinal cord
cranially is broad, narrow toward lumbar region
taut with flexion
what is the capsular ligament of apophyseal jt
attach to rim of the facet surfaces
reinforced by adjacent multifidus/ligamentum flava
some fibers taut in each end ROM
what is the restricted with ligaments in sagittal plane
posterior- stretch in flexion
anterior- stretch in extension
what is the neutral zone
the wiggle room between vertebrae
why does the neutral zone grow
what happens when it grows
DDD or ligamentous injury
more laxity or instability= more demands on the stabilizing systems
how does the neutral zone compare with hypo and hypermobility
hypo- not enough neutral zone
hyper- too much neutral zone
what is the passive system
passive portion of the musculotendinous units and send feedback to the neural subsystem
what is the active system
composed of muscles and tendons
what exercise can stress passive system
plyometrics
what is the neural subsystem
receives and transmits information from the two other systems to manage spinal stability
neuromuscular
where can core stability be found
segmental level of the spine and the whole spine
when is the neutral zone is found to increase, what is happening with core stability
more slide, glide and rotation- the spinal segments become unstable
how are the superior cervical surfaces
concave side to side with hooks uncinate processes
how are the inferior cervical processes
concave ant/post - jt forms between hooks/recess
C3-4 - uncovertebral through C6-7 jts of luschka
what is the cause of an osteophyte on U jts and what is compromised because of the osteophyte
repetitive stress - hypermobile, malalignment, etc
shown to compress and inflame the exiting C spinal n root
how do the facets face on C3-6
superior - posterior/superior
inferior - anterior/inferior
describe the anterior scalenes
anterior tubercle TP C3-6
scalene tubercle of 1st rib
ventral rami
ipsi SB, contra RT, FLX, 1st rib elevation
describe middle scalenes
posterior tubercle TP C2-7
upper surface rib 1
ventral rami
ipsi SB, 1st rib elevation
describe posterior scalane
posterior tubercle TP C5-7
2nd rib
ventral rami
ipsi SB, 2nd rib elevation
describe levator scapulae
TP C1-4
superior angle scapula
dorsal scapular n
elevation and downward rotation of scapula
describe splenius cervicis
sp T3-6
TP C3-6
dorsal rami
neck EXT, ipsi SB/RT
why would a pt have a n injury at C7
brachial plexus issue
describe thoracic vertebrae
pedicles posterior
short, thick lamina
large TP posterior laterally
apophyseal jt in frontal plane
intervertebral foramina
what are 3 functional components of intervertebral jt
TP/SP - attachment site
apophyseal jt - guide motion
interbody jt - absorb and distribute load
how do you perform cervical flexion with goniometer and normal ranges
fulcrum= external meatus
proximal arm= perpendicular or parallel to ground
distal arm= base of nares
40 degrees
what position is all cervical motions tested in
seated
what motions for the cervical region need to have just the shoulder girdle stabilized
flexion
what is stretched with cervical flexion
posterior ligaments- supraspinous, infraspinous, ligamentum flavum and nuchae
posterior fibers of annulus fibrosus
how to perform tape measure cervical flexion and normal ranges
tip of chin to the sternal notch
1 to 4.3 cm
how to perform inclinometer for cervical flexion and normal ranges
top of head, adjust to 0
65 degrees
how to perform cervical extension with goniometer and normal ranges
fulcrum= external acoustic meatus
proximal arm= perpendicular or parallel to the ground
distal arm= base of nares
50-70 degrees
what is stretched in cervical extension
anterior longitudinal ligament
anterior fibers of annulus fibrosus
zygapophyseal jt capsule
how to perform tape measure cervical extension and normal ranges
tip of chin to sternal notch
18.5 to 22.4 cm
how to perform inclinometer cervical extension and normal ranges
top of head and adjusted to 0
67 degrees
how to perform lateral flexion with goniometer and normal ranges
fulcrum= SP C7
proximal arm= perpendicular to ground
distal arm= dorsal midline of head
22 degrees
what is stretched in cervical lateral flexion
intertransverse ligament
lateral annulus fibrosus fibers
how to perform tape measure lateral flexion and normal ranges
mastoid process to lateral tip of acromial process
11 to 13 cm
how to perform inclinometer cervical lateral flexion and normal ranges
top of head and adjusted to 0
42 degrees
how to perform cervical rotation with goniometer and normal ranges
fulcrum= cranial aspect of head
proximal arm= acromial process
distal arm= tip of nose
48 degrees
how to perform cervical rotation with inclinometer and normal ranges
pt is supine, inclinometer on forehead, adjust to 0
80 degrees
how to perform tape measure cervical rotation and normal ranges
tip of chin to acromial process
11 to 13.2 cm
what is stretched in cervical rotation
alar ligament
fibers of zygapophyseal jt capsule
what motions need the shoulder girdle and chest to be stabilized in the cervical region
extension
lateral flexion
rotation
