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DPT 702/3: AFAB > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is kinematics

A

position, velocity, and acceleration
motion of the body without regard to force

EX- AROM

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2
Q

what is kinetics

A

force, types of load

EX- manual muscle tests

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3
Q

what is the difference between biomechanics and kinesiology

A

biomechanics- application of life with mechanics, kinematics and kinetics fall in this range
kinesiology- study of movement, functional anatomy

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4
Q

what are the two types of motion for kinematics

A

translation and rotation

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5
Q

what is translation

A

all parts of a rigid body move parallel and in the same direction
rectilinear- straight
curvilinear- curved

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6
Q

what is rotation

A

circular path along a pivot point

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7
Q

what is angular motion

A

rotation of a joint
the body moves in a circular path creating an arc. the arc is different depending upon different points chosen

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8
Q

what is general planar motion

A

translation plus rotation

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9
Q

T/F: if there is rotation, there is an axis

A

true

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10
Q

T/F: during translation, there is always an axis, even if rotation is absent

A

False

if rotation is absent, there is never an axis

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11
Q

describe the motion: ice skater

A

rectilinear

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12
Q

describe the motion: broad jump

A

curvilinear

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13
Q

describe the motion: walking

A

curvilinear and rotation

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14
Q

describe the motion and why: cartwheel

A

curvilinear and rotation

the person is going from point A to B in a curved fashion as well as rotating around COM

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15
Q

describe the motion: tuck
where is the COM

A

rotation
outside the body

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16
Q

describe the motion: runner and javelin

A

curvilinear and rotation
curvilinear

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17
Q

describe the motion: ice skater doing triple jump

A

curvilinear and rotation

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18
Q

what is angular motion measured in

A

radians and degrees

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19
Q

why is it rotation of the forearm around the elbow? why is it not curvilinear motion? where is the axis?

A

the hand moves a greater distance than the elbow which is the pivot point
the axis is M-L

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20
Q

what is osteokinematics

A

planes and axis, degrees of freedom, close and open chain

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21
Q

what is arthrokinematics

A

joint motions, convex/concave rules, open/closed packed

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22
Q

what axis pairs with sagittal plane

A

M-L

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23
Q

what plane pairs with A-P axis

A

frontal

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24
Q

what axis pairs with transverse plane

A

longitudinal or S-I

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25
Q

what is degrees of freedom

A

number of directions of movements allowed at a joint
3 degrees of angular freedom = 3 cardinal planes

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26
Q

the convex on concave movements are equal to what direction

A

opposite- sliding and rolling go opposite directions

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27
Q

concave on convex movements are equal to what direction

A

same- the sliding and rolling move in the same direction

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28
Q

what is considered closed packed

A

maximal congruency
most ligaments are taut
stability
accessory movements are limited

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29
Q

what is considered open or loose packed

A

ligaments are slack
increase accessory movements
joint mobilizations are performed here

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30
Q

what is considered the elastic region

A

normal range

31
Q

what happens beyond the yield point but before failure

A

microfiber tears in the plastic region

32
Q

what is the plastic region

A

micro fiber tears occur causing the tissue to not return to normal

33
Q

what is viscoelastic material

A

both fluid and solid
strain rate depends on time
gives off energy absorbed as heat

the reason we need to warm up before exercise

34
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of viscoelastic material

A

creep
stress relaxation
hysteresis or energy dissipation

35
Q

what is creep

A

increasing deformation under constant stress

elastic to plastic

36
Q

what is hysteresis or energy dissipation

A

viscoelastic material being unloaded and loaded, the curve for each are different

after 10 cycles the curve no longer changes (the body is warmed up) and is reproducable

37
Q

what is synarthroses

A

slight to no motion based on type of periarticular tissue

38
Q

what is diarthroses

A

allows moderate to extensive motion

39
Q

what is in a synarthroses fibrous joint

A

dense connective tissues

40
Q

what is a synarthroses cartilaginous joint

A

stabilized by flexible fibrocartilage/hyaline cartilage: function to strongly bind/transfer forces

41
Q

what is an example of synarthroses fibrous syndemoses

A

tibia-fibula interosseous membrane

42
Q

what is an example of synarthroses fibrous suture

A

coronal suture

43
Q

what is an example of synarthroses fibrous gomphosis

A

teeth

44
Q

what is an example of synarthroses cartilaginous synchondroses

A

costosternal

45
Q

what is an example of synarthroses cartilaginous symphyses

A

pubic symphysis

46
Q

what are the 7 elements associated with synovial joints

A

articular cartilage
blood vessels
ligaments
synovial membrane
sensory nerves
capsular ligaments
joint capsule

47
Q

what elements can sometimes be associated with synovial joints

A

intra-articular disc or menisci
peripheral labrum
fat pads
bursa
synovial plicae

48
Q

what are the 2 distinct layers of the joint capsule

A

external- fibrous dense, provides support
internal- synovial membrane, 3-10 cells thick

49
Q

what are the functions of the synovial membrane

A

lubricating glycoproteins, coats articular surface, reduces friction, provides nutrition

50
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

movement at a plane located at a right angle to pin
rotation and sliding
flexion/extension
humero-ulnar

51
Q

what is a pivot joint

A

formed by central pin surrounded by larger cylinder
produces spin- rotation
humeroradial joint, atlas/axis

52
Q

what is a plane joint

A

pairing of 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces
sliding and rotation
lack of axis of rotation
carpometacarpal 2-5
tension in muscles and ligaments causing lack of motion

53
Q

what is a saddle joint

A

2 surfaces- one convex, one concave- oriented at right angles
front to back- concave
side to side- convex
thumb joint
FLX/EXT, ABD/ADD, circumduction

54
Q

what is instantaneous axis of rotation

A

the axis of rotation for that motion in that moment

55
Q

what is an evolute

A

the path of serial locations for the IAR

56
Q

what measuring tool is used to measure the average axis of rotation

A

goniometer

57
Q

when the path of the evolute is longer and more complex, what is the opposing joint surface experiencing

A

opposing joint surfaces are less congruent

58
Q

what are the fundamental materials that make up connective tissues

A

collagen
elastin
GAG
water
fibroblasts
chondrocytes

59
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

cells that make collagen
ligaments, tendons, other supportive tissues

60
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

live in cartilage and provide nutrition
hyaline, fibrocartilages

61
Q

what is collagen

A

high tensile strength, poor stretch, most abundant
tropocollagen- triple helix

62
Q

what is type I collagen

A

thick fibers with little elongation
stiff and strong
ligaments, tendons, fascia, capsules

63
Q

what is type II collagen

A

thinner and slightly less tensile strength
general shape of structures
hyaline cartilage

64
Q

what is GAG

A

glycoaminoglycans- give physical resilience
transmits loads

65
Q

Describe dense connective tissue

A

ligaments, fibrous capsule, tendons
fibroblasts
limited blood supply- this increases with load

66
Q

what is the function of dense connective tissue

A

resists tension
protect and binds joints
transfer forces between muscle and bone

67
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

specialized hyaline cartilage
avascular

68
Q

what is the function of articular cartilage

A

distributes and absorbs joint forces
reduces friction

69
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

menisci
labrum
disc

70
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage

A

stabilizes joints
dissipates loads
guides arthrokinematics

71
Q

what are sharpey’s fibers

A

collagen extending deep into the bone material

72
Q

how does the cartilage receive nutrition

A

by intermittent joint loading that is milking the synovial fluid within the joint

73
Q

how does WB activities increase bone density

A

by using Wolff’s law
tension and compression create electrical potential that stimulates bone deposition and increase density at points of stress

DPT 702/3: AFAB (7 decks)

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