Exam 1 Flashcards
what is kinematics
position, velocity, and acceleration
motion of the body without regard to force
EX- AROM
what is kinetics
force, types of load
EX- manual muscle tests
what is the difference between biomechanics and kinesiology
biomechanics- application of life with mechanics, kinematics and kinetics fall in this range
kinesiology- study of movement, functional anatomy
what are the two types of motion for kinematics
translation and rotation
what is translation
all parts of a rigid body move parallel and in the same direction
rectilinear- straight
curvilinear- curved
what is rotation
circular path along a pivot point
what is angular motion
rotation of a joint
the body moves in a circular path creating an arc. the arc is different depending upon different points chosen
what is general planar motion
translation plus rotation
T/F: if there is rotation, there is an axis
true
T/F: during translation, there is always an axis, even if rotation is absent
False
if rotation is absent, there is never an axis
describe the motion: ice skater
rectilinear
describe the motion: broad jump
curvilinear
describe the motion: walking
curvilinear and rotation
describe the motion and why: cartwheel
curvilinear and rotation
the person is going from point A to B in a curved fashion as well as rotating around COM
describe the motion: tuck
where is the COM
rotation
outside the body
describe the motion: runner and javelin
curvilinear and rotation
curvilinear
describe the motion: ice skater doing triple jump
curvilinear and rotation
what is angular motion measured in
radians and degrees
why is it rotation of the forearm around the elbow? why is it not curvilinear motion? where is the axis?
the hand moves a greater distance than the elbow which is the pivot point
the axis is M-L
what is osteokinematics
planes and axis, degrees of freedom, close and open chain
what is arthrokinematics
joint motions, convex/concave rules, open/closed packed
what axis pairs with sagittal plane
M-L
what plane pairs with A-P axis
frontal
what axis pairs with transverse plane
longitudinal or S-I
what is degrees of freedom
number of directions of movements allowed at a joint
3 degrees of angular freedom = 3 cardinal planes
the convex on concave movements are equal to what direction
opposite- sliding and rolling go opposite directions
concave on convex movements are equal to what direction
same- the sliding and rolling move in the same direction
what is considered closed packed
maximal congruency
most ligaments are taut
stability
accessory movements are limited
what is considered open or loose packed
ligaments are slack
increase accessory movements
joint mobilizations are performed here
what is considered the elastic region
normal range
what happens beyond the yield point but before failure
microfiber tears in the plastic region
what is the plastic region
micro fiber tears occur causing the tissue to not return to normal
what is viscoelastic material
both fluid and solid
strain rate depends on time
gives off energy absorbed as heat
the reason we need to warm up before exercise
what are the 3 characteristics of viscoelastic material
creep
stress relaxation
hysteresis or energy dissipation
what is creep
increasing deformation under constant stress
elastic to plastic
what is hysteresis or energy dissipation
viscoelastic material being unloaded and loaded, the curve for each are different
after 10 cycles the curve no longer changes (the body is warmed up) and is reproducable
what is synarthroses
slight to no motion based on type of periarticular tissue
what is diarthroses
allows moderate to extensive motion
what is in a synarthroses fibrous joint
dense connective tissues
what is a synarthroses cartilaginous joint
stabilized by flexible fibrocartilage/hyaline cartilage: function to strongly bind/transfer forces
what is an example of synarthroses fibrous syndemoses
tibia-fibula interosseous membrane
what is an example of synarthroses fibrous suture
coronal suture
what is an example of synarthroses fibrous gomphosis
teeth
what is an example of synarthroses cartilaginous synchondroses
costosternal
what is an example of synarthroses cartilaginous symphyses
pubic symphysis
what are the 7 elements associated with synovial joints
articular cartilage
blood vessels
ligaments
synovial membrane
sensory nerves
capsular ligaments
joint capsule
what elements can sometimes be associated with synovial joints
intra-articular disc or menisci
peripheral labrum
fat pads
bursa
synovial plicae
what are the 2 distinct layers of the joint capsule
external- fibrous dense, provides support
internal- synovial membrane, 3-10 cells thick
what are the functions of the synovial membrane
lubricating glycoproteins, coats articular surface, reduces friction, provides nutrition
what is a hinge joint
movement at a plane located at a right angle to pin
rotation and sliding
flexion/extension
humero-ulnar
what is a pivot joint
formed by central pin surrounded by larger cylinder
produces spin- rotation
humeroradial joint, atlas/axis
what is a plane joint
pairing of 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces
sliding and rotation
lack of axis of rotation
carpometacarpal 2-5
tension in muscles and ligaments causing lack of motion
what is a saddle joint
2 surfaces- one convex, one concave- oriented at right angles
front to back- concave
side to side- convex
thumb joint
FLX/EXT, ABD/ADD, circumduction
what is instantaneous axis of rotation
the axis of rotation for that motion in that moment
what is an evolute
the path of serial locations for the IAR
what measuring tool is used to measure the average axis of rotation
goniometer
when the path of the evolute is longer and more complex, what is the opposing joint surface experiencing
opposing joint surfaces are less congruent
what are the fundamental materials that make up connective tissues
collagen
elastin
GAG
water
fibroblasts
chondrocytes
what are fibroblasts
cells that make collagen
ligaments, tendons, other supportive tissues
what are chondrocytes
live in cartilage and provide nutrition
hyaline, fibrocartilages
what is collagen
high tensile strength, poor stretch, most abundant
tropocollagen- triple helix
what is type I collagen
thick fibers with little elongation
stiff and strong
ligaments, tendons, fascia, capsules
what is type II collagen
thinner and slightly less tensile strength
general shape of structures
hyaline cartilage
what is GAG
glycoaminoglycans- give physical resilience
transmits loads
Describe dense connective tissue
ligaments, fibrous capsule, tendons
fibroblasts
limited blood supply- this increases with load
what is the function of dense connective tissue
resists tension
protect and binds joints
transfer forces between muscle and bone
what is articular cartilage
specialized hyaline cartilage
avascular
what is the function of articular cartilage
distributes and absorbs joint forces
reduces friction
what is fibrocartilage
menisci
labrum
disc
what is the function of fibrocartilage
stabilizes joints
dissipates loads
guides arthrokinematics
what are sharpey’s fibers
collagen extending deep into the bone material
how does the cartilage receive nutrition
by intermittent joint loading that is milking the synovial fluid within the joint
how does WB activities increase bone density
by using Wolff’s law
tension and compression create electrical potential that stimulates bone deposition and increase density at points of stress
