Exam 2 Flashcards
What eicanasoids are blocked by NSAIDs?
Prostaglandins
What eicanasoids are not affected by NSAIDs?
Leukotrienes
How are Leukotrienes synthesized?
From AA by Lipoxygenases
What is the major precursor for Eicanasoids?
(Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, Thromboxanes)
Arachidonic Acid
How many Carbons do Eicanasoids possess?
20
COX1 and COX2 Enzymes
Convert Arachidonic Acid to Thromboxanes and Prostaglandins
Inhibited by Cortisol and NSAIDs
5 Lipoxygenase
Arachidonic Acid —> Leukotrienes
Not inhibited by NSAIDs
HMG CoA Reductase
Cholesterol Synthesis Rate Limiting Step
What effect does Statin have on Cholesterol?
Blocks HMG CoA —> Mevalonate
No Synthesis
Cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase
Cholesterol Degredation Rate Limiting Step
Fatty-acyl CoA Synthetase
Adds CoA to FA to activate it
Hormone Sensitive Lipase
Removes FA and metabolizes stored fats
Increased in response to Epinephrine
Decreased by Insulin
Sphingomyelinase
Sphingomyelin —> Ceramide
Lipoxygenases
AA’s —> Leukotrienes
Cholesterol Synthesis
Acetyl-CoA ——> HMG ——> Mevalonate ——> Squalene ——> Cholesterol
How many carbons in Palmitic Acid?
16 Carbons, the max for Fatty Acid Synthase
Where does Fatty Acid Synthesis occur?
The Cytosol
Where do the 2C additions come from in FA Synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA
How does Acetyl-CoA cross the mitochondrial membrane in FA synthesis?
It combines with OAA to form Citrate, which is broken apart after crossing the membrane
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
Acetyl-CoA to Malonyl-CoA
Rate Limiting step of FA Synthesis
Palmitate
Result of FA synthesis
Is Fatty Acid Synthesis oxidative or reductive?
Reductive
Desaturases
Add cis double bonds in fatty acid elongation
What carbons can humans use Desaturases on?
9,6,5,4
Precursor to Glycerol used in TAGs
Glycerol Phosphate
What enzyme causes storage of TAGs?
Lipoprotein Lipase
Where does Beta Oxidation (breakdown of Fatty Acids) occur?
Mitochondria
How do Fatty Acids get into the Mitochondria for Beta-Oxidation?
Carnitine Shuttle
What would be the result of one round of Beta Oxidation of Palmitic Acid?
14C Fatty Acyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA
Propionyl-CoA
3C
Starter for odd Carbon FA synth
Last molecule in odd carbon FA Degredation. Then turned into Succinyl-CoA
Starting Molecule for Ketone Bodies
Acetyl-CoA
Where are Ketone bodies produced?
Liver Mitochondria
Choline is an integral part of what complex lipid?
Sphingophospholipids
“Sphincter and Colon”
Serine, Ethanol Amine, or Choline are integral parts of what complex lipid?
Glycophospholipids
Sphingosine with Choline attached is called what?
Sphingomyelin
Where does Phospholipase C cleave?
Before the Phosphate
Where does Phospholipase D cleave?
After the Phosphate
Where does Sphingomyelinase cleave?
Before the Phosphate
“Past the Sphincter before the PP”
Where does Sphingomyelinase cleave?
Before the phosphate
Where does Ceramidase cleave?
It cleaves the FA off of Sphingomyelin
Sara be cuttin off the fat
What backbone do glycolipids have?
Sphingosine backbone
Central carbon attached to NITROGEN
How do Glycolipids differ from Phospholipids?
They have no Phosphate
Have a sugar head
Cerebrosides
Names for Neutral Glycolipids
More brain means you’re more neutral and think calmly
Gangliosides
Acidic/Negatively charged Glycolipids
“Gangs are negative”
Glycolipids with a Sulfur head are called..
Sulfatides
Glycolipids with two or more sugars are called…
Globosides
What type of Glycolipid is NANA?
Gangliosides
Galactosidase
Cleaves Galactose from Glycolipids
Neuraminidase
Cleaves NANA from Glycolipids
NSAIDS block …
COX
How many Carbon rings in Cholesterol?
4 rings
Statins inhibit which enzyme in Cholesterol Synthesis?
HMG-CoA Reductase
Cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase
Rate limiting step of bile formation/ cholesterol Degredation
Activated by more cholesterol
Inhibited by more bile salts
Steroid Hormone formation from Cholesterol, begins with …
Cholesterol -> Pregnenolone -> Progesterone
