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Physiology of Reproduction > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Leptin

A
  • peptide hormone secreted from adipocytes
  • regulate food intake and metabolism
  • levels rise during puberty then decline
  • People that have a gene mutation for leptin/receptor retain pre-pubescent body
  • NPY inhibits GnRH neurons; leptin inhibits NPY
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2
Q

Kisspeptin

A
  • neurotransmitter in brain; KnDY neuron
  • direct control over GnRH secretion during puberty
  • regulated by photoperiod via melatonin
  • mediates estrogen negative and positive feedback to the hypothalamus in females
  • Kiss neurons synapse GnRH neurons in hypothalamus
  • Levels rise during puberty
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3
Q

Neurokinin B

A

(KnDY neuron) Has a positive effect on GnRH; stimulatory

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4
Q

Dynorphin

A

(KnDY neuron) Inhibitory effect on GnRH; acts as a stop signal

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5
Q

GnIH

A
  • neurotransmitter in the brain
  • inhibits GnRH neurons and gonadotropes in anterior pituitary
  • part of Rfamindes (arganine-phenylaline at C-terminus (COOH))
  • High out of season, kisspeptin will be low and vice versa
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6
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei function as the GnRH tonic release and surge center?

A
  • Arcuate nucleus (F + M): GnRH - tonic release; low levels - small pulses
  • Pre-optic nucleus (F): controls surge center
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7
Q

Primordial follicle

A
  • Earliest, least developed
  • Dormant oocyte
  • Single layer of squamous epithelial cells
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8
Q

Primary follicle

A
  • Develops from primordial
  • Oocyte
  • Single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (granulosa cells)
  • Selected for development = non-dormant
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9
Q

Secondary follicle

A
  • Oocyte
  • 2 or more layers of epithelial cells
  • No antrum
  • Oocyte is surrounded by a thick, translucent layer called Zona Pellucida
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10
Q

Tertiary follicle

A
  • Antrum or Graafian - Pre-ovulatory
  • Oocyte
  • > 3 layers of epithelial cells
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11
Q

What changes do sperm cells undergo during maturation in the epididymis?

A
  • Concentration
  • Completion of sperm modeling – cytoplasmic drop squeezed down tail and shed
  • Metabolism
  • Mobility
  • Coated with glycoproteins
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12
Q

Acrosome

A

part of the sperm cell filled with digestive enzyme that enables sperm cell to break through layers of follicle cells

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13
Q

Corpus albicans

A

“white body” dur to lipid loss; death of follicle

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14
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Outer connective tissue of the testes and ovary

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15
Q

Bicornuate Uterus

A

uterus has uterine horns; likely determined by if they have multiple births vs one birth

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16
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

“live birth” eggs retained and develop in female repro. tract

17
Q

Andrew Schally

A

characterized GnRH

18
Q

Rosalyn Yalow

A

radioimmuno assay (RIA); measuring hormones

19
Q

Unilateral cryptorchidism

A

Failure of one testis to descent

20
Q

Baculum

A

Penus containing a bone structure (os penis)

21
Q

Countercurrent Exchange (flow)

A

-Pampiniform plexus surrounds testicular artery and is responsible for having heat transfer from body - testicular artery - testes - testicular vein to body

22
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

Spongy material; contractile/erectile tissue

23
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

Spongy material; contractile/erectile tissue

24
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A
  1. Sperm transport
  2. Luteolysis and control of cyclicality
  3. Environment for pre-attachment embryo
  4. Maternal contribution of placenta
  5. Expulsion of fetus and placental membranes
25
Q

What are the 2 functions of the cervix?

A
  1. Secrets mucus and lubrication

2. Prevents entrance of foreign material

26
Q

Secondary spermatocyte

A

Primary spermatocyte that has gone through the first completion of meiotic division

27
Q

Spermatid

A

-2° spermatocyte that has completed the 2nd meiotic division

28
Q

What cytoplasmic changes do sperm cells undergo during spermiogenesis? What organelles are involved in these changes?

A
  • Sertoli cells guide them
  • When develop acrosome, develop mid-piece, and get a tail
  • Golgi body forms the head
  • Mitochondria assemble mid-piece
  • Formation of the tail from one centriole, responsible for microtubule formation
29
Q

Dynein

A

Molecule motors

30
Q

Serotonin

A

Regulates the stimulation of GnRH and in turn, is the neuroendocrine regulation of cyclical ovarian function

31
Q

Gonadotroph

A

cell in the anterior pituitary that produces LH or FSH

32
Q

Repro. tract layers

A
  • serosal coating
  • muscularis
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
33
Q

Uterus Layers

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
34
Q

What controls testicular descent?

A

Gubernaculum

35
Q

3 ways testicular temperature is controlled:

A
  1. Pampiniform plexus
  2. Sweating
  3. Tunica dartos muscle
36
Q

Route of travel for oocyte (fertilized):

A
  1. Oviduct
  2. Uterus
  3. Cervix
  4. Vagina
37
Q

3 procedures used for trans-rectal palpation:

A
  • Cycle stage detection
  • Artificial insemination
  • Pregnancy detection
  • Embryo recovery/transplantation
  • Medical Diagnoses

Physiology of Reproduction (8 decks)

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