Exam #2

Question 1

Leptin

Answer 1

• peptide hormone secreted from adipocytes
• regulate food intake and metabolism
• levels rise during puberty then decline
• People that have a gene mutation for leptin/receptor retain pre-pubescent body
• NPY inhibits GnRH neurons; leptin inhibits NPY

Question 2

Kisspeptin

Answer 2

• neurotransmitter in brain; KnDY neuron
• direct control over GnRH secretion during puberty
• regulated by photoperiod via melatonin
• mediates estrogen negative and positive feedback to the hypothalamus in females
• Kiss neurons synapse GnRH neurons in hypothalamus
• Levels rise during puberty

Question 3

Neurokinin B

Answer 3

(KnDY neuron) Has a positive effect on GnRH; stimulatory

Question 4

Dynorphin

Answer 4

(KnDY neuron) Inhibitory effect on GnRH; acts as a stop signal

Question 5

GnIH

Answer 5

• neurotransmitter in the brain
• inhibits GnRH neurons and gonadotropes in anterior pituitary
• part of Rfamindes (arganine-phenylaline at C-terminus (COOH))
• High out of season, kisspeptin will be low and vice versa

Question 6

What hypothalamic nuclei function as the GnRH tonic release and surge center?

Answer 6

• Arcuate nucleus (F + M): GnRH - tonic release; low levels - small pulses
• Pre-optic nucleus (F): controls surge center

Question 7

Primordial follicle

Answer 7

• Earliest, least developed
• Dormant oocyte
• Single layer of squamous epithelial cells

Question 8

Primary follicle

Answer 8

• Develops from primordial
• Oocyte
• Single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (granulosa cells)
• Selected for development = non-dormant

Question 9

Secondary follicle

Answer 9

• Oocyte
• 2 or more layers of epithelial cells
• No antrum
• Oocyte is surrounded by a thick, translucent layer called Zona Pellucida

Question 10

Tertiary follicle

Answer 10

• Antrum or Graafian - Pre-ovulatory
• Oocyte
• > 3 layers of epithelial cells

Question 11

What changes do sperm cells undergo during maturation in the epididymis?

Answer 11

• Concentration
• Completion of sperm modeling – cytoplasmic drop squeezed down tail and shed
• Metabolism
• Mobility
• Coated with glycoproteins

Question 12

Acrosome

Answer 12

part of the sperm cell filled with digestive enzyme that enables sperm cell to break through layers of follicle cells

Question 13

Corpus albicans

Answer 13

“white body” dur to lipid loss; death of follicle

Question 14

Tunica albuginea

Answer 14

Outer connective tissue of the testes and ovary

Question 15

Bicornuate Uterus

Answer 15

uterus has uterine horns; likely determined by if they have multiple births vs one birth

Question 16

Ovoviviparous

Answer 16

“live birth” eggs retained and develop in female repro. tract

Question 17

Andrew Schally

Answer 17

characterized GnRH

Question 18

Rosalyn Yalow

Answer 18

radioimmuno assay (RIA); measuring hormones

Question 19

Unilateral cryptorchidism

Answer 19

Failure of one testis to descent

Question 20

Baculum

Answer 20

Penus containing a bone structure (os penis)

Question 21

Countercurrent Exchange (flow)

Answer 21

-Pampiniform plexus surrounds testicular artery and is responsible for having heat transfer from body - testicular artery - testes - testicular vein to body

Question 22

Corpora cavernosa

Answer 22

Spongy material; contractile/erectile tissue

Question 23

Corpora cavernosa

Answer 23

Spongy material; contractile/erectile tissue

Question 24

What are the functions of the uterus?

Answer 24

1. Sperm transport
2. Luteolysis and control of cyclicality
3. Environment for pre-attachment embryo
4. Maternal contribution of placenta
5. Expulsion of fetus and placental membranes

Question 25

What are the 2 functions of the cervix?

Answer 25

1. Secrets mucus and lubrication | 2. Prevents entrance of foreign material

Question 26

Secondary spermatocyte

Answer 26

Primary spermatocyte that has gone through the first completion of meiotic division

Question 27

Spermatid

Answer 27

-2° spermatocyte that has completed the 2nd meiotic division

Question 28

What cytoplasmic changes do sperm cells undergo during spermiogenesis? What organelles are involved in these changes?

Answer 28

- Sertoli cells guide them - When develop acrosome, develop mid-piece, and get a tail - Golgi body forms the head - Mitochondria assemble mid-piece - Formation of the tail from one centriole, responsible for microtubule formation

Question 29

Dynein

Answer 29

Molecule motors

Question 30

Serotonin

Answer 30

Regulates the stimulation of GnRH and in turn, is the neuroendocrine regulation of cyclical ovarian function

Question 31

Gonadotroph

Answer 31

cell in the anterior pituitary that produces LH or FSH

Question 32

Repro. tract layers

Answer 32

- serosal coating - muscularis - submucosa - mucosa

Question 33

Uterus Layers

Answer 33

- Perimetrium - Myometrium - Endometrium

Question 34

What controls testicular descent?

Answer 34

Gubernaculum

Question 35

3 ways testicular temperature is controlled:

Answer 35

1. Pampiniform plexus 2. Sweating 3. Tunica dartos muscle

Question 36

Route of travel for oocyte (fertilized):

Answer 36

1. Oviduct 2. Uterus 3. Cervix 4. Vagina

Question 37

3 procedures used for trans-rectal palpation:

Answer 37

- Cycle stage detection - Artificial insemination - Pregnancy detection - Embryo recovery/transplantation - Medical Diagnoses