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Bio 005 Sierra college > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Types of Synarthrotic Joints

A

Fibrous - Suture, Gomphosis

Cartilaginous - Synchondrosis

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2
Q

2 Types of Amphiarthrotic Joints

A

Fibrous - Syndesmosis

Cartilaginous - Symphysis

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3
Q

3 Joint Movements

A

Synarthrotic - No movement

Amphiarthrotic - Some movement

Diarthrotic - Full motion

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4
Q

3 Fibrous Joints

A

Sutures

Gomphosis

Syndesmosis

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5
Q

2 Cartilaginous Joints

A

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

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6
Q

6 Types of Synovial Joints

A

Plane/Gliding

Hinge

Pivot

Condyloid/Ellipsoid

Saddle

Ball-and-Socket

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7
Q

2 Examples of Ball-and-Socket Joints

A

Shoulder - humerus & scapula

Hip - femur & pelvis

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8
Q

Ex: of Saddle Joint

A

Trapezium & Metatarsal 1

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9
Q

Ex: Ellipsoid Joint

A

Metatarsals & Proximal Phalanges

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10
Q

Ex: Pivot Joint

A

Ephiphysis of Ulna/Radius

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11
Q

3 Examples of Hinge Joint

A

Temporal Bone & Mandible

Elbow

Knee

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12
Q

Ex: Gliding/Plane Joint

A

Between Carpals &

Between Tarsals

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13
Q

Ex: Gomphosis

A

Teeth & Alveolar Processes

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14
Q

2 Examples of Syndesmosis

A

Between Diaphysis of Ulna & Radius

Between Diaphysis of Tibia & Fibula

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15
Q

Examples of Sutures:

A

Sagittal Suture - divides head in L&R halves

Squamous Suture - above ear

Coronal Suture - between frontal & parietal bones

Lamboid Suture - between Occipital & Parietal bones

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16
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Cartilage pad that covers the surface of a bone inside a joint cavity

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17
Q

Synovial Cavity

A

Fluid filled chamber in a diarthrotic joint

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18
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Substance secreted by synovial membrane that lubricates the joint

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19
Q

Articular Capsule

A

Dense collagen fiber sleeve that surrounds a joint and provides protection & stabilization

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20
Q

Components of Articular Capsule

A

Fibrous Capsule

Synovial Membrane

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21
Q

Synovial Membrane is in what anatomical direction to the Fibrous Capsule?

A

Deep

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22
Q

Extracapsular Ligaments “Screw Mechanism” at the Hip Allow What Motion?

Resist What Motion?

A

Allow Anterior Motion (Flexion)

Resist Posterior Motion (Extension)

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23
Q

What are Bursae?

Where do they form?

What do they do?

A

Bursae are small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue.

They form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues.

They reduce friction & act as a shock absorber

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24
Q

What are Menisci?

What do they do?

Where are they located?

A
  1. Fibrous Cartilage pads between opposing surfaces in a joint
  2. Allow for variations in the shapes of articular surfaces & restrict movements at the joint. *Make pockets that make knee more stable
  3. In the joint capsule
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25
Q

What is a Tendon Sheath?

A

Protective covering for the tendon

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26
Q

What is injured in the Unhappy Triad?

A

MCL

Medial Meniscus

ACL

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27
Q

Hip Joint Movements

A

Flexion/Extension

Adduction/Abduction

Circumduction

Rotation

28
Q

Articular Capsule of Hip Joint Location

A

Extends from Lateral & Inferior surfaces of Pelvic Girdle
to
Intertrochanteric Line & Interochanteric Crest of Femur

29
Q

5 Ligaments of Hip Capsule

A

Iliofemoral

Pubofemoral

Ischiofemoral

Transverse Acetabular

Ligament of the Femoral Head

30
Q

Purpose of Articular Surface of Acetabulum

A

Stabilizes Hip Joint

Creates a Deep Bony Pocket for Femur

31
Q

Bony Matrix Composition

A

Calcium

Collagen

32
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts

33
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells. Occupy the lacunae. Directs the release and deposition of calcium.

34
Q

Central Canal

A

contains the blood vessels that supply the osteon. Surrounded by concentric lamellae

35
Q

Perforating Canal

A

Extends perpendicular to the surface. Delivers blood to osteons deeper in the bone and the medullary cavity

36
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

Cylindrical aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone. Surround the central canal.

37
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Fill the spaces between the osteons of compact bone

38
Q

Canaliculi

A

interconnect lacunae of an osteon and form a branching network that reaches the central canal. Carry nutrients to the osteon.

39
Q

Trabeculae

A

Arrangement of spongy bone into parallel structs or thick branching plates.

40
Q

Outer Circumferential Lamellae

A

forms border between osteons and periosteum layers of bone

41
Q

Inner Circumferential Lamellae

A

forms border between compact bone and spongy bone trabeculae

42
Q

Flat Bones

A

Most Skull Bones

Ribs

Sternum

Scapula

43
Q

Long Bones

A

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

44
Q

Short Bones

A

Wrist Bones

Ankle Bones

45
Q

Epiphysis

A

Stores Red Bone Marrow

Spongy Bone

46
Q

Diaphysis

A

Stores Yellow Bone Marrow

Compact Bone

Medullary Cavity

47
Q

Periosteum Composition

A

Outer Layer - Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Inner Layer - Osteoprogenitor Cells

48
Q

Periosteum’s 4 Functions

A
  1. Isolate & Protect Bone
  2. Attachment for circulatory and nervous supply
  3. Bone growth & repair
  4. Attaches bone to connective tissue network of deep fascia
49
Q

Endosteum

A

Cellular lining of the medullary cavity. Covers trabeculae of spongy bone & lines inner surfaces of canals.

50
Q

Intramembranous Ossification Model

A

Dense Regular & Irregular Connective Tissue

51
Q

Endochondral Ossification Model

A

Hyaline Cartilage

52
Q

Endochondral Ossification Makes What Kind of Bones

A

Long Bones

53
Q

Ossification Center for Intramembranous

A

Group of Osteoblasts

54
Q

5 Steps for Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. Group of Osteoblasts differentiate from Mesenchyme & form Ossification Center
  2. Osteoblasts secrete Calcium to convert CT to bone tissue
  3. Ossification centers grow and fuse to make the trebeculae of spongy bone tissue
  4. Outer osteoblasts polish the bone to create compact bone on the outside.
  5. Leftover model turns into the periosteum of the bone
55
Q

Steps for Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Osteoblasts differentiate from the Mesenchyme and form a bone collar within the Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Collar starves cartilage. Dying Cartilage secretes calcium.
  3. Blood vessels invade Primary Ossification Center & deliver osteoblasts & clasts.
  4. Blasts build & Clasts destroy bone to create the medullary cavity
  5. Secondary Ossification Center form in Epiphysis of Bone
  6. The Epiphysis fills with spongy bone. Articular cartilage forms around the outside & an epiphysial plate separates the epihysis and diaphysis
56
Q

How do hormonal changes at puberty affect bone growth?

A
  1. Create sexual differences, esp. in the angle of the pubic bone.
  2. Closes the Epiphyseal Plate
57
Q

Blood Vessel that pierces Diaphysis

A

Nutrient Vessel

58
Q

Longitudinal Bone Growth

A
  1. Happens at Epiphyseal Plate
  2. Cartilage grows & pushes epihysis further along
  3. Cartilage gets replaced by bone
59
Q

Appositional Bone Growth - thicker

A
  1. Outer Circum. Lamellae grow ridges around periosteal artery
  2. Ridges Meet & Surround Artery
  3. Ridges Fuse & New Concentric Lamellae form
  4. Outer Lamellae becomes Concnetric lamellae
  5. Periosteum becomes Endosteum
60
Q

Metaphyseal Vessels

A

supply blood to the inner diaphyseal surface of each epiphyseal cartilage, where bone is replacing cartilage

61
Q

Other Calcium Needs

A
  1. Muscular, Nervous, Kidneys, pretty much everything
62
Q

Tarsal Bones

from distal to proximal and medial to lateral

A

Medial, Intermediate, Lateral Cuneiform

Cuboid

Navicular

Tallus

Calcaneous

63
Q

Fibular Landmarks

A

Head

Lateral Malleolus

64
Q

Tibia Landmarks

A

Medial & lateral condyle

Intercondylar Eminence (posterior)

Tibial Tuberosity (anterior)

Anterior Crest/Margin

Medial Malleolus

65
Q

Posterior Landmarks of the Femur

A

Intertrochanteric Crest

Gluteal Tuberosity

Linea Aspera

Intercondylar Fossa

66
Q

Anterior Landmarks of the Femur

A

Intertrochanteric Line

Patellar Surface

67
Q

Landmarks of the Femur without ant/pos direction

A

Fovea for ligament of head (capitis)

Femoral head

Neck

Greater Trochanter

Lesser Trochanter

Medial & Lateral Epicondyles

Bio 005 Sierra college (15 decks)

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