EXAM Flashcards
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
where does glycolysis occur
cytosol/cytoplasm
does glycolysis require oxygen
no
what mQ does glycolysis start with
glucose
what mQs do glycolysis end with
NADH, ATP, H2O, pyruvate
what is the waste product of the citric acid cycle and how is it removed
CO2, leaves as bicarbonate in blood and gets breathed out by lungs
3 obstacles for sperm
travel far distance with only 3-5 days to live, vagina very acidic and sperm more basic so pH levels could kill it, mucus plug in the cervix that the sperm must pass through
mitosis without cytokinesis results in what?
cells with more than one nucleus
relationship btwn sequence of bases in DNA of one sister chromatid compared to the other
the sequences are identical
how cancer develops
proto-oncogenes become oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are inactivated– pushing gas pedal to the floor, mitosis happens faster
degrees of freeedom
options - 1
rosalind franklin
showed DNA’s double helical-structure
first genetical engineering synthetic insulin called Humulin prodcued by E coli bacteria in
1978
+pGLO
bacterial colonies transformed with the pGLO plasmid
GFP
green fluorescent protein
GloFish
first commercialized animal that was genetically modified to glow
plasmid
circular DNA that can be passed btwn bacteria, can also be edited to include genes from other organisms
restriction enzyme
used to cut open plasmids for gene insertion
ligase
enzyme that links together cut ends of a gene and plasmid
genetic transformation
process in which a cell takes up a plasmid and expresses the genes that are part of this DNA
transcription & translation
2 parts of protein synthesis
gfp gene
DNA sequence that codes for the green flourescent protein
beta lactamase gene (bla gene)
encodes for an enzyme that breaks down ampicillin; allows for selection of transformed bacteria bc it is part of the pGLO plasmid
araC gene
an “inducible promoter” that acts as a switch to turn on the production of GFP in the presence of the sugar arabinose
E. coli
bacteria used in the pGLO transformation process
aequorea victoria
jellyfish that the gene coding for GFP was isolated from
what do the light rxns of photosynthesis require
water as reactant & produce O2 as a product
photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
how many sex chromies are normally in a human gamete
2
which process takes place during translatin
conversion of genetic information from teh language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins
from pGLO transformation, glowing bacteria from?
agar mixed w/ LB nutrient broth, arabinose sugar, ampicillin
cellular respiration demonstrates the theme of energy and matter in that
energy in food is transferred to energy in ATP
RNA contains the sugar
ribose
the fxn of the transformation solution (calcium chloride) in the pGLO lab is to
neutralize the DNA for easier passage of the plasmid through the non-polar phospholipid bilayer
