exam Flashcards
What structures are part of the respiratory system? The role of each?
oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries, lungs, diaphragm
How does your respiratory system work as a cleaning system?
Cilia & mucus- the beating cilia move mucus w/ trapped dust, pollen, and other contaminants upward to the pharynx where it is usually swallowed
Why are smoking and vaping stupid?
Many side effects- cardiovascular disease, fertility issues, asthma, cancer, collapsed lung, lipoid pneumonia, mental health issues, and popcorn lungs
When and why does the diaphragm contract?
Diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities, during inhalation the diaphragm contracts and moves downward which flattens it & creates a vacuum to pull air into the lungs
What is meant by external respiration? Internal respiration?
External respiration- gasses pass between the atmosphere and the blood as you breathe in and out, takes place in lungs
Internal respiration- gasses pass btwn the blood and the cells of the body
What gases are exchanged by the respiratory system with the environment? How does this exchange happen?
O2 and CO2, lungs breathe in O2 and exhale CO2
What path do these gases take entering and exiting the human body? (external respiration)
entering O2- oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
exiting CO2- capillaries, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity
why are the lungs different in size
bc the heart is tilted to the left and therefore takes up more space on the left side -> left side has fewer lobes than the right (r3, l2)
how does negative pressure breathing work
Air is pulled into the lungs due to an imbalance of pressure caused by volume changing inside of the lungs
In humans- occurs when the diaphragm contracts (down) or relaxes (up) causing either and increase or decrease of volume inside of the lungs
how are the heart and blood involved in respiration? hemoglobin?
Heart pumps oxygenated blood to capillaries for tissues and organs to absorb, hemoglobin is how RBC hold onto oxygen and also carries CO2 away
what does it mean that hemoglobin is a multipurpose mQ
It has multiple jobs- carries O2, helps transport CO2, and buffers blood
why does your breathing rate increase when you run
bc you need more O2 delivered to ur tissues so ur heart rate increases to pump blood faster
Why is it important that CO2 be bound as bicarbonate in our bloodstream?
Because high levels of CO2 in your blood would cause your blood’s pH to increase dramatically, preventing chemical rxns from occuring
cellular respiration parts
- glycolysis, 2. pyruvate oxidation & citric acid cycle (krebs), 3. oxidative phosphorylation
How does cellular respiration differ from the respiration carried out by an organism?
Cellular respiration harvests chemical energy from food and uses it to generate ATP while respiration provides the O2 needed in cellular respiration
Why do cells carry on cellular respiration? What is the benefit of some energy being lost as heat?
to produce ATP that is used for cellular work, heat lost helps us maintain a steady 98.6 body temp
ultimate source of energy for all life on earth?
the sun
summary eq for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)
what mQ are oxidized during cellular respiration? reduced? (from eq not carrier mQ)
Oxidized (loses e-): C6H12O6 to CO2
Reduced (gains e-) O2 to H2O
Where does each phase of cellular respiration happen?
- Glycolysis- cytosol/cytoplasm
- Pyruvate oxidation- matrix
- Citric acid cycle- matrix
- Oxidative phosphorylation- inner mitochondrial membrane
inputs & outputs of each phase of cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis- input glucose– output 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
- Pyruvate oxidation- input 2 pyruvate– output 2 co2 2 nadh 2 acetyl CoA
- Citric acid cycle- input 2 acetyl CoA 2 H2O– output 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2- completes oxidation of glucose
- Oxidative phosphorylation- input NADH + FADH2– output 28 ATP and H2O
What is the purpose of phosphorylation (substrate-level and oxidative)? How is ATP formed?
To produce ATP by adding a P to ADP, is formed in either substrate-level (uses enzyme & substrate) or oxidative (uses energy from redox rxns in e- transport chain)
What is the role/significance of carrier molecules? ATP synthase?
NADH & FADH2- carry the e- needed for the next stage
ATP synthase- drives H+ from high to low concentration gradient which phosphorylates ADP to ATP
What is chemiosmosis? What is its role in cellular respiration?
Uses energy of hydrogen ion (H+) down concentration gradient to drive cellular work like phosphorylation of ADP, it powers ATP synthesis in cells
Where do high concentrations of H+ accumulate during cellular respiration? Why is this significant for generating ATP?
Accumulate in the intermembrane space, H+ must flow back through atp synthase which activates sites that phosphorylate adp to atp
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration? What happens to this process if oxygen is not available?
Facilitates Atp synthesis- glucose is able to be broken down all the way to co2, without it fermentation happens & only 2 atp mQs are produced
Why would a muscle cell carry on lactic acid fermentation, or a yeast cell carry on alcohol fermentation, instead of aerobic respiration? How are these processes different from aerobic respiration, and each other?
Fermentation is the anaerobic harvesting of energy from glucose without oxygen, difference is what pyruvate is reduced to
Lactic acid fermentation- eukaryotic cells, NADH converted back into NAD+ as pyruvate is turned into lactate, glycolysis-> pyruvate -> lactate
Alcohol fermentation- pyruvate converted into ethanol + co2, glycolysis-> pyruvate -> ethanol
What structures are part of the circulatory system? Their role?
Pulmonary and systemic circuits
Lungs- oxygenate blood
Capillaries- diffuse O2 to tissues and organs and take away waste products
Aorta- largest artery, bring O2 blood away from heart
Artery- deoxygenated blood to lungs
Vein- o2 blood to heart from lungs
Atrium- holding place for blood returning (de + O2)
Ventricle- blood gets pumped out from here, either to body or lungs
what materials are transported by your blood
Oxygen, co2, nutrients, hormones, waste products
What is the composition of blood? Role of each component?
Platelets (thrombocytes)- allow blood to clot
RBC (erythrocytes)- carries O2 from lungs to tissues, CO2 from tissues -> lungs
WBC (leukocytes)- help w/ infections
what is the path of blood in the heart? body?
After Oxygenating body tissues, body returns through vena cavae completing systemic circuit, R. atrium through tricuspid valve to r. Ventricle through pulmonic valve to pulmonary arteries to capillaries in lungs back in pulmonary veins to l.atrium to l. Ventricle (start) out aortic valve to aorta (A + D) to capillaries to superior + inferior vena cava and back to start
circulatory system
includes pulmonary and systemic circuits- closed bc the circulatory fluid (blood) is confined to vessels, keeping blood separate from the interstitial fluid
pulmonary circuit
takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then the oxygenated blood back to the heart
systemic circuit
takes oxygenated blood to your body and then returns to R atrium
arteries structurally
Arteries- layers of muscle + elastic tissue make thick arteries (blood @ high pressures so need to be strong and elastic)
veins structurally
small layer of elastic fibers + smooth muscle -> doesnt need to be strong
capillary structurally
tiny lumen, single cell thick + permeable (deliver nutrients- CO2 diffuse out & O2 diffuse into RBC), total cross sectional area is big
where do most arteries carry blood? veins?
arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back to the heart
what type of blood do most arteries carry? veins? exception?
Arteries carry oxygenated blood except for when the pulmonary arteries are carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Veins carry deoxygenated blood except for when the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the heart
What causes the heart to contract?
Involuntary contractions sent by the brain to cardiac muscle tissue, cardiac cycle
diastole
pressure of blood against artery walls when the heart is at rest
systole
pressure of blood against artery walls when heart contracts
valves in the heart and role?
prevents the backflow of blood, Tricuspid valve- r. Atrium to r. ventricle
Pulmonic valve- r. Ventricle to pulmonary arteries
Mitral valve- pulmonary veins to l. ventricle
Aortic valve- l. Ventricle to aorta
How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction? Advantages and disadvantages of each?
+ sexual- offspring genetically different from parents, variety thats needed for survival of the fittest (greater adaptability)
- sexual- can spread STIs
+ asexual (genetically identical)- requires only 1 individual so gametes of 2 diff. organisms will not have to reach each other -> faster and more efficient
- asexual- entire pop. could die if environment changes + becomes less favorable
when do a females eggs form
in the womb (before birth)
When does ovulation happen? What path does the egg take from an ovary to exiting the body?
During puberty, typically 14 days before start of next menstrual period, Ovary -> oviduct -> uterus -> cervix -> vagina
What did you learn about fertilization, fetal development, and birth from Life’s Greatest Miracle?
Sperm has to travel far to egg, the vagina is acidic and sperm pH is slightly basic, and mucus plugs the cervix meanwhile egg is released by ovaries and pushed along fallopian tubes by muscular contractions & cilia sweeping
2 months after fertilization the embryo is now a fetus and receives nutrients from placenta and umbilical cord
Harder for humans to deliver babies because female pelvis smaller and infant head bigger
where does fertilization of the egg take place
oviduct (fallopian tube)
where does the zygote implant and develop
wall of the uterus
What is the cervix, where is it located and how does it change during birth?
Muscular walled opening from uterus to vagina, keeps fetus safe + secure in uterus, dilates during birth
birth canal
vagina
Why do gynecologists perform routine Pap tests for patients?
Pap test: cells from around the cervix are removed and examined under a microscope for signs of cervical cancer
Greatly increase chances of detecting cervical cancer early and treating it successfully
where are sperm produced and what stage of life
Testes, from puberty til death
Why do muscles around the scrotum relax and contract?
Scrotum keeps sperm-forming cells abt 2C cooler than body temp so in cold conditions muscles around the scrotum contract, pulling testes toward the body to maintain temp
What path do sperm take from the testes out of the body? By what process?
Testis -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra -> penis (glans) by ejaculation
Why should the prostate gland be routinely checked in men as they age?
It is the source of some of the most common medical problems in men over age 40, prostate cancer is 2nd most commonly diagnosed cancer in US
why is withdrawal an unreliable method of birth control
Sperm may be released before climax
How many sperm are commonly found in semen during ejaculation?
200-500 million
What is an STI? Why are STIs not all “treated equally”?
Pathogen spread by sexual contact
Caused by bacteria, protozoan, fungi-> cured with meds
Viral STIs cannot be cured with meds
What are examples of STIs that last a lifetime?
HIV, HPV, herpes
How can you avoid STIs?
Abstinence and condoms
What is the purpose of contraception? How does abstinence differ from sterilization? Oral contraceptives from the barrier method?
To prevent pregnancy, abstinence means no sex so no baby while sterilization prevents sperm from reaching an egg
Oral contraceptives are hormones that stop ovulation while barrier method prevents the union of sperm and egg
Which type of contraceptive can both prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of contracting an STI?
condoms
pleura
a thin shiny membrane lining the thoracic cavity, secretes fluid to lubricate the lungs as they move back and forth against the chest wall during respiration
blood pressure
systolic to diastolic
ectopic pregnany
fetus implants in oviducts, bad for baby and mom, need surgery
apex/base of heart
base- top of heart where blood returns, apex- bottom of heart where blood is then sent out
seminal vesicles
produces a thick fluid containing fructose which is used for energy by sperm
relationship btwn the sequence of bases in DNA of one sister chromatid compared to the other?
sequences are identical
