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evolution test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

point mutation

A

when only one nucleotide is affected

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2
Q

missense mutation

A

when only one nucleotide is changed and this impacts the amino acid added to the polypeptide chain

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3
Q

silent mutation

A

when a nucleotide changes but the resulting amino acid does not

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4
Q

nonsense mutation

A

when a codon is changed to a STOP codon

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5
Q

frameshift mutation

A

when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted and it shifts every base that follows

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6
Q

frameshift insertion

A

when a base pair is added, shifting the reading frame and changing the amino acid

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7
Q

frameshift deletion

A

when a base pair is deleted, shifting the reading frame and changing the amino acid

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8
Q

substitution mutation

A

when a base pair is replaced

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9
Q

a, t, c, g, u

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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10
Q

promoter

A

the nucleotide sequence that acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase

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11
Q

terminator

A

DNA sequence that ends transcription

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12
Q

intiation

A

first stage of transcription: RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter, it opens the double-helix, and starts to synthesize RNA

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13
Q

elongation

A

second stage of transcription: newly formed RNA strand grows and the molecule peels away from the DNA template as it forms, DNA returns to its original double-helix and RNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to the DNA template using H bonding

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14
Q

termination

A

last stage of transcription: RNA polymerase reaches the terminator, it detaches from the DNA/RNA, and the newly synthesized RNA is released for traveling into the cytoplasm

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15
Q

founder effect

A

a small group of individuals form a new population from a larger population

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16
Q

bottleneck effect

A

sudden reduction in population size due to environmental change

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17
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that separates/unzips the anti-parallel DNA strands in DNA replication

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18
Q

primase

A

enzyme that adds RNA primers to the DNA strands

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19
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

adds free nucleotides to form new DNA strands, creates identical molecules of DNA by following base-pairing rules

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20
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

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21
Q

ligase

A

attaches Okazaki fragments to DNA strand

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22
Q

adaptation

A

trait developed over time that helps a species become better suited for an environment

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23
Q

homology

A

underlying structural or molecular similarity but has different function, which can show reveal evolutionary relationships

24
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

25
Q

natural selection

A

process where organisms better adapted to survive their environment live longer to reproduce

26
Q

5’ end

A

phosphate group

27
Q

3’ end

A

free hydroxyl group

28
Q

semi-conservative

A

conserves the original DNA- half new and half original in newly formed DNA mQ

29
Q

codon

A

3 nucleotides read together; DNA and RNA sequences

30
Q

chargaffs rule

A

theres an equal amount of A to T and C to G

31
Q

anti-parallel

A

running parallel but in opposite directions: phosphate to hydroxyl (5 to 3) and hydroxxyl to phosphate (3 to 5)

32
Q

genetic drift

A

change in a population’s gene pool due to chance (natural disaster/event)

33
Q

gene flow

A

change in a population’s gene pool due to movement into/out of the population

34
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme in transcription that binds to the promoter and makes a strand of mRNA by adding free nucleotides as it moves along the DNA strand; free bases are added to the mRNA strand in the order that the DNA strand codes for

35
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA: carries the DNA’s instructions and directs protein synthesis

36
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA: carries the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome as each codon on the mRNA is read

37
Q

polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids

38
Q

anti-codon

A

complementary triplet codon on the tRNA that base-pairs with the mRNA codon during translation

39
Q

start codon

A

codon that begins the chain of amino acids

40
Q

stop codon

A

codon that codes to stop the chain of amino acids

41
Q

okazaki fragments

A

short segments of nucleotides that are added discontinuously to the lagging strand in DNA replication

42
Q

replication bubble

A

structure formed when helicase separates the two DNA strands during replication

43
Q

replication fork

A

Y-shaped region where the double-helix is being unzipped into two strands

44
Q

leading strand

A

where nucleotides are added continuously towards the fork

45
Q

lagging strand

A

where nucleotides are added in short segments

46
Q

non-coding/template strand

A

strand whose codons code for mRNA

47
Q

coding strand

A

strand of anticodons whose sequence will be the same as the mRNA

48
Q

pedigree

A

a diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations –> Huntington’s Disease

49
Q

trinucleotide repeat

A

repetition of the same three nucleotides; connect to Huntington’s Disease: more repeats = earlier onset

50
Q

electrode

A

device conducting electricity that showed frequencies trinucleotide repeats; because DNA is slightly negative, will move to the positive end

51
Q

gene pool

A

total collection of alleles in a population

52
Q

What were Darwin’s contributions to our understanding of evolution?

A

wrote The Origin of Species → launched the era of evolutionary biology called his theory ‘descent with modification’, which explains that… all life is connected by common ancestry
& descendants have accumulated adaptations to changing environments over time

53
Q

fossils

A

imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past- show similarities/differences between past and present organisms & reveal extinction of many species

54
Q

homologies

A

– underlying similarity but different function
structural and molecular homologies reveal evolutionary relationships & vestigial structures – remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

55
Q

genetics

A

mutations and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible, researchers compare genome sequences from many species, counting the nucleotide differences provides information on how long ago different species diverged from a common ancestor → more nucleotide differences means two species have evolved separately for a longer time

56
Q

species evolve and not individuals?

A

individual people cannot adapt to changing environments because adaptations occur over generations therefore species evolve over a vast amount of time not individuals

57
Q

6 conditions for natural selection to occur

A

variation, overproduction of offspring, competition for survival, differential survival, reproduction, inheritance

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