exam

Question 1

Outline and discuss 3 specific times and/or incidents of racism in Canadian immigration history. Be as specific as possible

Answer 1

Japanese: In world war II Japanese were denied immigration into Canada due to the attack on Pearl Harbour and even after that very little was allowed. The Japanese Canadians belongings were stripped and they were put into internment camps. When the war ended many were encouraged to leave the country and go to Japan, those that stayed were not permitted to return to Vancouver (where most were from). Japanese people were also not allowed to vote.

Chinese immigrants: would have to pay an expensive head tax (fewer than 50 allowed from 1923-1947), Chinese also could not vote

St louis: ​On 7 June 1939, 907 Jewish refugees aboard the MS St. Louis were denied entry to Canada. The ship returned its passengers to safe harbors in four European countries. Sadly, 254 of its passengers later perished in the Holocaust. Canada’s restrictive immigration policies at the time largely closed the door on Jews who were desperately seeking safety and refuge from Germany and Europe.

Question 2

Outline and discuss at least 3 different incidents when French-Canadians have felt that their needs have been ignored by the government of Canada. Were they justified in their feelings? Explain.

Answer 2

The two referenda in Quebec where in 1980 60% said no to sovereignty association, then in 1996 50.5 said no

Conscription: Violent riots erupted in Quebec, where Francophones opposed the act The conscription issue created distrust and animosity between Anglophone and Francophone Canadians.

By 1942, PM King knew that more troops were needed. So he decided to hold a plebiscite- a special vote on a specific proposal. King wanted Canadians’ permission to break his promise not to send conscripts overseas. Results 79% of Anglophones voted yes, 85% Francophone voted no.

Question 3

Describe 3 situations and/or events that have unified the country.

Answer 3

The Flag (1965): After much debate in the House of Commons, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson created a new parliamentary committee to select a national flag before the 1967 Centennial year. It was Red for Liberal.

The Canadian Centennial: was a yearlong celebration held in 1967 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation. Celebrations in Canada occurred throughout the year but culminated on Dominion Day, July 1, 1967. There were many parades, activities and events.

Constitution Act: This act made Canada an independent nation that could make its own decisions without the approval or interference of the British, and they were no longer controlled by the Monarchy. All provinces were united and each had their own power.

Question 4

Describe 3 situations and/or events that have divided Canada.

Answer 4

Charlottetown Accord 1992: It was submitted to a public referendum on October 26 and was defeated.Was a failed attempt by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 provincial premiers to amend the Canadian Constitution.

The 1980 Quebec independence referendum: Concerned whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. The referendum was called by Quebec’s Parti Québécois government, which advocated secession from Canada. Vote ended and the proposal was defeated by a 59.56 percent (NO) to 40.44 percent (YES) margin.

Conscription Act 1917: This was a politically explosive and controversial law created by PM Borden which made all male citizens aged 20 to 45 subject to conscription for military service. But, there were only 14,000 French Canadian volunteers in the War because most francophones opposed the conscription act, and they felt that they had no particular loyalty to either Britain or France; they only had loyalty for Canada. In total, 401,882 men registered for conscription and most were anglophones.

Question 5

What were the countries that comprised the Triple Alliance during World War 1? Can you identify them on a map from 1914?

Answer 5

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Question 6

What were the countries that comprised the Triple Entente during World War 1? Can you identify them on a map from 1914? Also, what country switched sides during the war?

Answer 6

Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia

In 1943, the government of Italy declared war on its former Axis partner Germany and joined the battle on the side of the Allies.

Question 7

What was the document and year that finally patriated (brought home) the constitution?

Answer 7

The 1982 Constitution Act.

Question 8

There was a national referendum in 1992. What was the issue?

Answer 8

The Charlottetown Accord in 1992: was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public referendum on October 26 and was defeated.Was a failed attempt by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 provincial premiers to amend the Canadian Constitution. Canadians felt left out of the constitutional discussions and reforms or felt that it would jeopardize their individual or collective rights.

Question 9

What does the term ‘baby boom’ refer to and when did it occur?

Answer 9

The baby boom occurred after soldiers returned home to their wives from a long World War II in 1945 and they all had children meaning the population drastically increased. This caused lots of economic development in Canada as well as industrial and infrastructural growth in lots of cities such as Montreal and Toronto. The baby boom was literally a boom of babies because millions of new babies were to be born so this meant more workers to develop the cities, work in factories, agriculture, and build new buildings. (1946-1964)

Question 10

What was Canada’s greatest military victory during World War 1 and why?

Answer 10

Vimy Ridge: Its capture by the Canadians was essential to the advances by the British Third Army to the south and of exceptional importance to checking the German attacks in the area in 1918. The Canadians had demonstrated they were one of the outstanding formations on the Western Front and masters of offensive warfare. 100,000 Canadians who served there suffered more than 10,600 casualties. A Memorial was created by France for Canada’s great efforts because it was a major and first victory in WWI after a long while.

Question 11

The Quebec referendum of 1980 focused on what issue? If unsure, review the actual wording of the referendum question.

Answer 11

The 1980 Quebec independence referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. The referendum was called by Quebec’s Parti Québécois government, which advocated secession from Canada. Vote ended and the proposal was defeated by a 59.56 percent (NO) to 40.44 percent (YES) margin.

Question 12

When did the Halifax Explosion, Battle of Somme, women voting, and the sinking of the American liner the Lusitania occur?

Answer 12

The Halifax Explosion: In 1917, the French cargo ship SS Mont-Blanc collided with the Norwegian vessel SS Imo in the waters of Halifax. The Mont-Blanc, laden with high explosives, caught fire and exploded, devastating the Richmond district of Halifax. 1,782 deaths.

Battle of Somme: Was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French against the German Empire (1916).

Women above 21 officially got to vote in federal elections in 1919.

The sinking of the American liner the Lusitania: The RMS Lusitania was a UK-registered ocean liner that was torpedoed by an Imperial German Navy U-boat during the First World War in 1915.

Question 13

What technique was created to combat Germany’s submarine warfare?

Answer 13

To combat the German submarine threat, the British and U.S. started grouping merchant ships in convoys and protecting them with escorts. Submarine sinkings dropped dramatically. The U.S. The Navy helped ensure that tens of millions of tons of supplies reached Europe. Aircraft radar was also important.

Question 14

After World War 1, an organization was created with the goal of ensuring peace. What was the organization called and explain its effectiveness?

Answer 14

The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.

Question 15

There were several inventions during the 1920s that connected people across Canada. What were they?

Answer 15

Radio - commonly used among the rich and poor due to its affordability.
Telephone - used to communicate with other Canadians.

Question 16

What was the Warsaw Pact and list all of its original members?

Answer 16

In 1954, NATO allowed West Germany to join and rearm. In response, the Soviets created an alliance in 1955 to counter; the Warsaw Pact, which included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.

Question 17

The “Persons” case involved which issue? What was the verdict so important?

Answer 17

The person’s case is a constitutional ruling that established the right of women to be appointed to the Senate. The legal recognition of women as “persons” meant that women could no longer be denied rights based on a narrow interpretation of the law.

Question 18

What is the Statute of Westminster? What document actually led to the creation of the Statute?

Answer 18

It was an act of the British Parliament that stated that could no longer make laws for its former colonies. The act was the result of the Balfour Report in 1926 which resulted from the meeting of Britain and its colonies and the agreement that the former colonies should be more independent.

Question 19

What party emerged in the 1930s and later morphed into the NDP? Who was its original leader?

Answer 19

The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was formed in 1932 by J. S. Woodsworth and western labour and farmer’s groups. They wanted to dismantle the free enterprise economic system and introduce socialism (an economic system based on government control of the economy). In 1961, the CCF evolved into the New Democratic Party (NDP)

Question 20

What measure did both Prime Ministers King and Bennett introduce during the Great Depression that actually made the economy worse?

Answer 20

R.B. Bennett and the Conservatives defeated Mackenzie King in the 1930 election. It seemed that King had no answer to fix the depression.
► Bennett opposed spending federal money on relief programs forunemployed workers and their families, he put it on the provinces

► To protect Canada’s manufacturers, he raised the tariff on imports. Other countries did the same and the market for Canadian resources dried up.

Question 21

What province was the last to join Confederation? What year?

Answer 21

The last and most recent territory to be created was Nunavut, which was a part of the Northwest Territories until 1999.

Question 22

When was the Winnipeg General Strike and why was it so significant?

Answer 22

The Winnipeg General Strike in May 1919, started as Winnipeg’s trade unions went on strike and were later joined by 20000 members from 94 unions. They wanted the right to collective bargaining, better wages and better working conditions.

The city hired 1800 special police officers and called in the mounted police to keep order. A riot broke out as some officers on horseback charged into the protest. By the time it ended, 100 people were injured and one worker dead.

The army then moved in to occupy the streets of the city. Threatened with losing their jobs, the strikers returned to work on June 25, six weeks after the struggle began. Some were fired and others were forced to sign agreements not to join a union.

Significant because it Helped the Working Class of Canada.

Question 23

There were several actions that led to the start of World War 2, however, which event sparked the declaration of war?

Answer 23

The invasion of Poland

Question 24

For each of the following events list the year that they occurred:

The Phony War (very little fighting)

German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbossa) and many of its Axis allies.

Attack on Pearl Harbor: was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor

The Battle of Britain: First major battle where United Kingdom air forces defended themselves against large-scale attacks by Nazi’s Luftwaffe

Evacuation of Dunkirk: involved the rescue of more than 338,000 British and French soldiers from the French port

Answer 24

The Phony War (very little fighting) Sep 3, 1939 – May 10, 1940

German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbossa) and many of its Axis allies. (1941).

Attack on Pearl Harbor: was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor (1941).

The Battle of Britain: First major battle where United Kingdom air forces defended themselves against large-scale attacks by Nazi’s Luftwaffe (1940).

Evacuation of Dunkirk: involved the rescue of more than 338,000 British and French soldiers from the French port (1940).

Question 25

What is VE day? How about VJ day?

Answer 25

VE DAY: Was Victory in Europe Day when Germany unconditionally surrendered its military forces to the Allies.. On May 8, 1945 - celebrations erupted around the world to mark the end of World War II in Europe.

VJ DAY: Victory over Japan Day is the day on which Imperial Japan surrendered in World War II, in effect bringing the war to an end. On Aug 14-Sept 2, 1945.

Question 26

Canada fought in both world wars; however, how they entered the wars were quite different from each other. Explain.

Answer 26

WW1:
More than 650,000 Canadians served in this war. More than 66,000 of our service members gave their lives and more than 172,000 were wounded. Their contributions and sacrifices earned Canada a separate signature on the Treaty of Versailles.

Britain was at war. And, when Britain was at war, Canada was at war because of its legal status as a British Dominion, which left foreign policy decisions in the hands of the British Parliament. Britain was in charge of Canada’s international affairs at the time.

WW2:
Canada declared war on Germany, 7 days after Britain and France. The first Canadian troops left for England in December. PM King’s delay of a week was a symbolic gesture of independence because they were in charge of their own Foreign affairs after the Statute of Westminster. The parliament voted to go to war with Germany in 1939.

Question 27

Which ethnic group of people were stripped of their rights and placed in Canadian internment camps more than any other enemy nation group?

Answer 27

Over 22000 Canadians of Japanese descent (3/4 born in Canada) were interned after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and attacked Hong Kong. This included men, women and children. Their property was confiscated and sold off to help pay for the costs of their internment. When the war ended many were encouraged to leave the country and go to Japan, those that stayed were not permitted to return to Vancouver (where most were from).

Question 28

What does NATO stand for and what is its purpose?

Answer 28

NATO - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization created in 1949 in Washington, is a military alliance consisting of 30 countries who provide assistance and humanitarian aid during conflicts.

Goals: to secure peace in Europe, to promote cooperation among its members and to guard their freedom, and to prevent soviet expansion.

MEMBERS: Albania, Bulgaria, Belgium, Croatia, Canada, Denmark, France, Greece, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Türkiye, USA and UK.

Question 29

Briefly describe the ‘cold war’.

Answer 29

The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry from 1947 – 1991 between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II. The Cold war consisted of many things including the threat of nuclear war, competition over the allegiance (loyalty) of newly independent nations, and the military and economic support of each other’s enemies around the world.

Russia/Soviet Union wanted to make countries communist under the UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (1922-1991) and control Eastern Europe. The goal of the United States, along with Britain, was to STOP the spread of communism into Western Europe and worldwide.

*REMEMBER CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, VIETNAM WAR, KOREAN WAR.

Cuban missile crisis: The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.

Castro asked help from the USSR and they placed nuclear missiles in CUBA directed at the US in exchange for their help, and when JFK found out he took action by placing a naval blockade around Cuba to block USSR military and supplies. JFK placed missiles in Turkey in action. Ended when both countries withdrew their missiles and forces. Diefenbaker refused to place nuclear missiles in Canada but they still sent troops.

Vietnam War: The Vietnam War was a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam (Helped by USSR and People’s republic of China) against South Vietnam and the USA who was afraid that communism would spread to South Vietnam and then the rest of Asia. It decided to send money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese Government.

The United States funded and sent its troops to the North to help fight and make Vietnam communist. The American invasion was a FAILURE. Canada did not officially participate in the Vietnam War but they sold war materials to the US since they were the peacekeeping nation but they still backed their Ally’s actions (US).

Korean War: The Korean War was a proxy war for the Cold War. The West—the United Kingdom and the U.S., supported by the United Nations—supported South Korea, while communist China and the Soviet Union supported North Korea. The Korean War ended three years later, with millions of casualties. (1950-1953)

Proxy War: a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved.

Question 30

October Crisis: For each of the following explain the issue and/or event. Be sure to identify the prime minister and his role in the event/issue.

Answer 30

Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau deployed the Armed Forces and invoked the War Measures Act to take action against this terrorist group. It allowed police searches and arrests without warrants; many were arrested under this act for 21 days, and this was the first time in Canadian history the Act was used during peacetime.

Question 31

WW1 Conscription crisis: For each of the following explain the issue and/or event. Be sure to identify the prime minister and his role in the event/issue.

Answer 31

WW1 Conscription crisis: The federal election of 1917 was considered “the most bitter election in Canadian history,” and it was fought mainly over the issue of conscription. The Military Service Act became law on 29 August 1917. It was a politically explosive and controversial law. It made all male citizens aged 20 to 45 subject to conscription for military service.

The horrors of the war led to fewer volunteers. Prime Minister Robert Borden knew that the war effort required more soldiers. He decided to introduce conscription.

There were only 14,000 French Canadian volunteers in the War because most francophones opposed the conscription act, and they felt that they had no particular loyalty to either Britain or France; they only had loyalty for Canada.

Question 32

Suez Canal crisis: For each of the following explain the issue and/or event. Be sure to identify the prime minister and his role in the event/issue.

Answer 32

Suez Canal crisis: The Suez Crisis is known as the second Arab-Israeli war where Israel Invaded Egypt in 1956. The Suez crisis started when Israel soldiers pushed Egypt into the Suez Canal which was an important waterway for trading resources. Many private investors shared ownership of this river, and England was the largest investor because it utilized the canal to get to India (Former British Colony) much more easily. Egypt wants to purchase the river in order to profit from it. England saw this as an invasion, and they ended up acquiring France’s assistance to help Israel, and “fight back.” England and France managed to conquer the river for their own benefit.

With the help of the Soviet Union, Egypt fought back against the two European powers. Eventually, the war became more serious, and the UN peacekeeping troops (including Canada) and the United States stepped in to prevent further progression of the conflict. This event triggered the start of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the U.S.

Lester B. Pearson (Minister of External Affairs), who later became prime minister of Canada, won a Nobel Peace Prize for using the world’s first, large-scale United Nations peacekeeping force to de-escalate the situation. He spent the summer and fall of 1956 working toward a diplomatic solution to the Suez Crisis.

Question 33

Official Languages Act: In 1969: For each of the following explain the issue and/or event. Be sure to identify the prime minister and his role in the event/issue.

Answer 33

In 1969, PM Pierre Trudeau passed the Official Languages Act, which gave French and English equal status.

Question 34

Constitution Act: For each of the following explain the issue and/or event. Be sure to identify the prime minister and his role in the event/issue.

Answer 34

This act made Canada an independent nation that could make its own decisions without the approval or interference of the British, and they were no longer controlled by the Monarchy. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms was an important part of the act. It contains the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and other provisions, including the rights of Indigenous peoples and the procedures for amending the Constitution of Canada. On April 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II and PM Pierre Trudeau, as well as the Minister of Justice, Jean Chrétien signed the act to bring it into effect.

Question 35

Canada’s declaration of war (WW2):

Answer 35

Since gaining the authority to declare war under the Statute of Westminster 1931, Canada has declared war only during the Second World War. On September 9, 1939, eight days after Germany’s invasion of Poland, Canada’s Parliament voted to declare war on Germany, which the country did the next day.

Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King promised that only volunteers would serve overseas. Canada declared war on Germany, 7 days after Britain and France. The first Canadian troops left for England in December. PM King’s delay of a week was a symbolic gesture of independence.