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Bio > Exam 1 Zoology > Flashcards

Exam 1 Zoology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Clade definition

A

An evolutionary group consisting of an ancestral species and all it’s descendants.

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1
Q

Synapomorphy (shared derived characteristic)

A

Innovation that has evolved only once

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2
Q

Sponge symmetry

A

Lacks well defined symmetry

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3
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Any cut through the central axis produces two equal halves.

E.g. Sea anemones

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4
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Right and left halves along sagittal plane

E.g. Insects, vertebrates

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5
Q

Radial animal tissues

A

2 germ layers (diploblastic)

  • endoderm, ectoderm
  • no organs
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6
Q

Bilateral animal tissues

A

3 germ layers (triploblastic)

  • endo,meso,ectoderm layers
  • organs and sometimes organ systems
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7
Q

Advantage bilateral symmetry has over radial symmetry

A

More directional

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8
Q

Acocelomate

A

Having no body cavity

E.g flatworms

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9
Q

Pseudocolomate

A

Has a space within

E.g. Nematodes

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10
Q

Coelomate

A

Has a body cavity, a space within the cavity
Organs suspended by mesodermal membrane called mesentary (has blood vessels)
E.g. Annelids, mollusks, vertebrates

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11
Q

Spiralian protostome development

A
  • spiral cleavage
  • determinate development
  • mouth first
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12
Q

Deuterostome development

A
  • radial cleavage
  • indeterminate development
  • anus first
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13
Q

Segmentation advantages

A

-Redundancy of organs
-flexibility; improved locomotion
Underlies organization of complex animals

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14
Q

Choanocytes

A

Flagellated cells that draw water through the pore cells and trap food in collar.
In sponges

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15
Q

Amoebocytes

A

Undifferentiated cells

In sponges

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16
Q

Spicules are made from

A

Calcium carbonate or silica

Provide differentiation in sponges

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17
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

The sponges

  • choanocytes, amoebocytes, and spicules (basic structure)
  • mass of cells with gelatinous matrix
  • no tissues, but cells are specialized
  • no defined symmetry
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18
Q

Parazoans

A

Phylum Porifera

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19
Q

Radiate Eumetazoans

A

(Multicellular animals)
Phylum Cnidaria and Phylum Ctenophora

  • diploblastic
  • tissues, no organs
  • radial symmetry
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20
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Class Hydrozoa, class Scyphozoa, class Anthozoa
2 body forms:
Medusa-mouth downward, free swimming
Polyp-mouth upright, base attached to substrate
Tentacles-house stinging cells called cnidocytes. Contains stinging organelles called nematocysts.

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21
Q

Class Hydrozoa

A

Polyp & medusa stage
Polyp stage is colonial & members of the colony exhibited specialization.
E.g., Portuguese Man-of-War

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22
Q

Class Anthozoa

A

Polyp stage only.

E.g., sea anemones & corals

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23
Q

Sea Anemones

A
  • solitary, sessile predators

- anchored to substrate

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24
Q

Corals

A
  • mostly colonial
  • stony corals secrete exoskeletons of calcium carbonate
  • reef building corals have a my biotic relationship with algae (zooanthellae)
  • increase of water temp causes coral bleaching
  • increase of co2 leads to lower ocean pH, calcium carbonate becomes less available for corals.
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25
Q

Gorgonians secrete

A

Flexible rod-like structures to support polyps

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26
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A
  • cilia for movement
  • no nematocysts
  • nature of symmetry and tissues is unclear
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27
Q

What determines how an animal is organized?

A

Type of body cavity

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28
Q

Ecdysozoa don’t have

A

Spiral cleavage,

They molt

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29
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

  • Spiralia
  • evidence of specialization
  • no circulatory system
  • asexual or sexual (most are hermaphroditic)
  • digestive system incomplete or absent
  • excretion through flame cells and network of tubules
  • cerebrial ganglion with longitudinal nerve cords
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30
Q

Protostomes are divided into these 2 clades:

A

Spiralia and ecdysozoa

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31
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) classes:

A

Turbellarians

Neodermata

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32
Q

Turbellarians

A

“Free-living flatworm”

  • water species
  • incomplete digestive system with 3 branches
  • eye spots
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33
Q

Neodermata

A

“Parasitic flatworms”

Trematoda & cercomerorpha

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34
Q

Trematoda

A

(Flukes)
-parasitic, mostly endoparasitic
-specialized; penetration glands, hooks and suckers, increased reproductive capacity
-complex life cycle with intermediate hosts (snails)
Ex. Clonorchis (oriental liver fluke)

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35
Q

Schistosoma

A

Blood flukes

  • similar life cycle to liver flukes except cercaria penetrate directly into human host
  • adults reside in blood vessels associated with intestines or bladder
  • can cause ulceration, bleeding pain, fluid in abdominal cavity
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36
Q

Cercomeromorpha

A

Tapeworms

  • endoparasitic
  • no digestive system
  • long flat bodies with serial segments called proglottids
  • absorbs food from host
37
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  • cylindrical, unsegmented worms with a pseudocoelom
  • no circular muscles, possess longitudinal muscles
  • ubiquitous; includes parasitic & free-living forms
  • grow via molting
  • many are parasitic
38
Q

Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-segmentation

A
  • some have repeated, similar segments

- most have segments arranged in specialized functional groups called tagmata (spiders have 2, insects have 3)

39
Q

Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-exoskeleton

A
  • composed of chitin, a N-containing polysaccharide.
  • provides surface for muscle attachment
  • protects against water loss and injury
  • molting required for growth
  • imposes size limits
40
Q

Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-jointed appendages

A

Joints serve as a fulcrum for increased leverage (strong forces can be exerted)

41
Q

Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-open circulatory system

A
  • blood pumped through body cavity (hemocoel)
  • blood goes through body cavity and into heart through holes, pumps through the body, back into cavity, then repeats
  • less efficient than humans, o2 & co2 are not transported in blood
42
Q

Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-respiratory system

A
  • insects and most spiders have a tracheal system
  • most crustaceans have gills
  • many spiders have book lungs (absorbs o2)
43
Q

Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-nervous system

A
  • 2 stranded ventral nerve cord (brain just turns ganglia on and off)
  • brain inhibits rather than stimulates activity of ganglia
44
Q

Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-excretory systems

A

-mini hairs in the malgigthian tubules filters blood. (Analog of kidney)

45
Q

Amphibian key features

A
  • legs
  • lungs (in most)
  • cutaneous respiration (supplemental lungs)
  • double loop blood circulation (systemic and pulmonary flow)
  • 3 chambered heart (ventricle has no division)
46
Q

What fossil did amphibians evolve from?

A

Ancestral lobe-finned fish, fossil tiktaalik ‘intermediate between fish and amphibians’

47
Q

Chelicerates

A

Spiders, daddy long legs, mites & ticks.

  • 2 tagmata (cephalothorax & abdomen)
  • first tagma bears pair of chelicerae, a pair of pedipalps, 4 pairs walking legs
  • no antennae; no mandibles
48
Q

Spiders

A
  • predators, venom injected by fangs on chelicerae.
  • silk is silk spun from spinnarets on abnomen
  • some ambush prey
  • hobo spider and black widow in idaho
49
Q

Daddy long-legs

A
  • abdomen & thorax broadly joined

- not venomous

50
Q

Mites & ticks

A
  • cephalothorax and abdomen fused
  • ticks are parasites, mites are free living or parasitic
  • vectors of disease
51
Q

Scorpions

A
  • short cephalothorax, wide pre-abdomen, narrow post-abdomen

- stinger with neurotoxin

52
Q

Crustaceans

A

-mainly aquatic
-mandibulate (chewing) mouth parts
-two pairs antennae
-appendages on abdomen as well as thorax
E.g., copepods, decapods, barnacles, Isopods

53
Q

4 types of crustaceans

A

-copepods, decapods, barnacles, Isopods

54
Q

Myriapods

A

Chilopods & Diplopods

55
Q

Chilopods

A

Centipedes

  • flattened
  • 1 pair legs per segment
  • fangs (modified legs) inject poison
56
Q

Diplopods

A

Millipedes

  • cylindrical
  • 2 pairs of legs per segment
  • scavengers
57
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Class Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea

  • bilateral symmetric larvae; pentaradial adults
  • water-vascular system
  • nerve ring with 3 layers, no brain
  • epidermis over endoskeleton of ossicles
58
Q

Class Asteroidea

A

Sea stars

  • central disk merges gradually with arms
  • mouth & anus
  • tube feet with suckers; movement and suckers
59
Q

Class Ophiuroidea

A

Brittle stars

  • very mobile; pull themselves along substrates
  • mouth, but no anus (food goes back up through mouth)
  • tube feet lack suckers; used for feeding
60
Q

Class Echinoidea

A

Urchins and sand dollars

  • 5 body part plan
  • tube feet
  • spines
  • hectaradial symmetry
61
Q

Class Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers

  • lack arms
  • bilateral symmetry
62
Q

Class Crinoidea

A
  • Sea lilies swim

- feather star sessile

63
Q

Phylum Chordata

Features (4)

A
  • hollow dorsal nerve cord
  • notochord (flexible rod)
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • postanal tail
64
Q

Non-vertebrate Chordates

A 
Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)
Subphylum cephalochordata
65
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

Tunicates

  • sessile marine organisms
  • only larval form shows chordate hallmarks
66
Q

Subphylum vertebrata
Features
-development of vertebrae

A

Vertebral column replaces notochord (in most)

67
Q

Subphylum vertebrata
Features
Cranium encases ______

A

Brain

68
Q

Subphylum vertebrata
Features
-neural crest

A
  • neural crest cells are embryonic cells that develop at the crest of the neural tube
  • contribute to development of many vertebrate structures
69
Q

Subphylum vertebrata
Features
_____ circulation & complex internal ______ organ system

A

Closed, complex

70
Q

Subphylum vertebrata
Key features
-endoskeleton

A
  • allows for continuous growth
  • framework for muscle attachment
  • increased body size
  • made from cartilage (grows faster) or bone
  • bone is a reservoir for phosphate. Energy for Krebs cycle
71
Q

Features of fish

A
  • vertebral column (in most)
  • jaws and paired appendages (in most)
  • internal gills
  • Single loop blood circulation
  • nutritional deficiencies
72
Q

In all vertebrates, fish are unable to synthesize certain _____

A

Amino acids

-fish aquire from their food

73
Q

Pharyngeal gill slits graduated from filter feeding apparatus to _______(gills)

A

Gas exchange

74
Q

Gas exchange gill advantages

A
  • increase aerobic capacity allowed for increased size capacity
  • predatory lifestyles necessitated the advance of sensory systems and motor control
75
Q

Jaws arose from modifications to _____

A

Gill arches

76
Q

Agnathans

A

(Jawless fishes)

  • class myxini: hagfishes
  • class cephalospidomorphi: lampreys
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • no jaws, paired fins, or scales
77
Q

Class myxini

A

Hagfishes

  • cranium, but no vertebrae
  • notochord persists for support
  • nearly blind
78
Q

Class cephalospidomorphi

A

Lampreys

  • cranium, plus rudimentary vertebrae in places around notochord
  • pore-like gill slits
  • parasitic and non parasitic forms
79
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fishes

  • sharks, rays and skates, chimaeras
  • cartilaginous skeleton strengthened by granules of calcium carbonate
80
Q

Shark features

A
  • endoskeleton made from cartilage
  • teeth derived from scales, loosely positioned, replaced on ‘conveyor belt’
  • predators
  • nictitating membrane
  • ampullae and lorenzini
  • 5-7 pairs of gills
  • no muscular operculum
  • sleep without moving
  • buoyancy mechanisms
81
Q

Shark feature

-ampullae and lorenzini

A

-detects bioelectric fields

Bioelectric field surrounds all animals. Sharks detect movement.

82
Q

Shark features

-buoyancy mechanisms

A
  • lateral line sensitive to vibrations in H2O
  • oil filled lived used for buoyancy
  • heterocercal tail
83
Q

Bony fishes

-ossification

A
  • Ossification: cartridge replaced by bone
  • evolutionary leap in bony fish and their tetrapod descendants
  • bone is heavier and stronger than cartilage
  • stores phosphate
  • preadaption for life on land
84
Q

Bony fish

-gills

A
  • muscular operculum covering gills

- gill rakers protect gill filaments and filter food particles

85
Q

Bony fishes

-buoyancy and lateral line

A
  • buoyancy is controlled by an exchange of gases between swim bladder and blood
  • lateral line for detecting pressure waves (vibrations)
86
Q

Bony fish classes

A 
Class actinopterygii (Ray finned fish)
Class sarcopterygii (lobed finned fish)
87
Q

Class actinopterygii

A

Ray finned fishes

  • bony rays support and stiffen fins
  • fins moved by muscle
  • chondrosteans & neopteryhians
88
Q

Chondrosteans

A

Sturgeons, paddlefish

  • ancient species
  • some ossification
  • cartilaginous
89
Q

Neopteryhians

A

Most are teleosts

  • move by muscles in body
  • also includes bowfins and guards
90
Q

Class sarcopterygii

A

Lobe finned fishes

  • fin rays emerge from muscular lobes supported supported by bones
  • evolved 400 mya
  • 6 lungfish species, 2 coelacanth species
  • lungfish posses lungs, can’t survive without water

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