Exam 1 Study Deck Pt.2

Question 1

why send a signal instead of do a direct action?

Answer 1

Because actions are “expensive” and signals avoid physical fighting. scent last longer time. Back up threat.

Question 2

Define Signal

Answer 2

a signal is sent purposely by the sender-snding out info by smell, vocalization, touch, visual

Question 3

Define a Cue

Answer 3

A cue is a unintended byproduct of performing required behavior (ex: foraging). Also contain info

Question 4

How are marine birds classified Taxonomically?

Answer 4

SEA BIRDS

SHOREBIRDS

Question 5

Classification of Seabird

procellariformes

Answer 5

albatross, shearwater, storm-petrel

Question 6

Classification of Seabird

Sphenisciformes

Answer 6

penguins

Question 7

Classification of Seabird

Pelicaniformes

Answer 7

pelicans, frigatebirds, boobies, cormorants

Question 8

Classification of Seabird

Pelicaniformes

Answer 8

pelicans, frigatebirds, boobies, cormorants

Question 9

Classification of Shorebirds

Chardriformes

Answer 9

plovers, killdeer, sandpipers, avocets, godwit, long-billed curlew

Question 10

Classification of Shorebirds

ciconiiformes

Answer 10

herons, egrets

Question 11

Adaptions for flight in birds

Answer 11

4 chambered heart
no blader-weight
wings and feathers
one ovary-weight
Large pectoral muscles
Hallow bones-weight
no teeth-weight

Question 12

Adaptations for marine lifestyle

Answer 12

arrow like body-flying
longer wings for SOARING

torpedo like body-swimming
webbed feet
shorter wings for water

BOTH: osmoregulation(salt glands)

Question 13

Other uses of feathers besides flying

Answer 13

insulation
courtship/communication
camoflage

Question 14

Two kinds of feathers

Answer 14

short feathers with oil for water proofing

Flight feathers-lock together

Question 15

common foraging strategies in sea birds

Answer 15

*plunge diving-BOOBIES,PELICANS
*surface feeding-skim surface-PELICANS(scoop fish), PUFFINS, ALBATROSS, FRIGATE BIRDS
*dipping(hovering over surface to pick food)
*kleptoparasitism(steal food)
deep diving-PENGUINS
*Scavanging-GULLS-sharp beak

Question 16

Life history characteristics of marine birds

Answer 16

K-selected-delay reproduction, raise young, produce fewer/larger offspring (1-2), long life.
Competition is high
Environment stable

Question 17

common foraging strategies in shorebirds

Answer 17

• Spear-HERRONS-long beaks
• Dabble-strain small fish from water-AVOCET
• Hunt in mud/sand-crabs/snails
• Scavenge-HERONS, EGRETS

Question 18

Osmoregulation

Answer 18

add and removal of salt and water from body. With salt glands, water proof feathers/skin

Question 19

Mating systems

Answer 19

mostly monogamous-
hold territory better
get food to feed chick
have a mate each season
better compatability

Shorebirds can be: polyanderous, polygynous

Question 20

Thermoregulation

Answer 20

panting
hide head under wings
fluff feathers

Question 21

problems with weather on foraging and breeding

Answer 21

• wash away nests
• make it difficult for birds to fly and get food
• water merky-hard to find food
• warm/cold water makes thermoregulation harder
• damaged breeding grounds

Question 22

Cope with damage by weather

-depends on severity of food shortage, breeding conditions of chick, age factor/experience

Answer 22

abandon nest

try new location

Question 23

Predators of seabirds and shorebirds

Answer 23

raccoons, sharks, hawks, foxes, predatory birds (skua, falcons, eagles, heron’s, egrets, pelicans, gulls-namely chicks and eggs), rats.

Question 24

Anti-predator mechanisms

Answer 24

mobbing-attack predator
alarm calling
stealth-ambush
runaway

Question 25

Why different breeding systems in sea birds than shorebirds

Answer 25

some seabirds have difficulty monaganizing due to distance from food, small habitat, ability to attract multiple mates

Question 26

advantages of colonial breeding in seabirds

Answer 26

dilution effect against predator, alarm calls, better relection of partners, more info on food source locations,
fledging of young overwhelms predator, group stimulation

Question 27

disadvantages of colonial breeding in seabirds

Answer 27

competition for resources

increased parasitic loads

Question 28

Nest site selection

Answer 28

large species nest in open, small species in burrows or cliff crevices. Nest locations for ease of take off, usually in proximity of water.

Question 29

conspecific attraction

Answer 29

They settle near their own species.

used to lure seabirds into recognizable former nesting sites

Question 30

social stimulation of reproduction

Answer 30

some cannot reproduce as single pairs, need group to stimulate reproduction

Question 31

Seabirds return to the same site every year to breed because…

Answer 31

Helps them hold down territory better and interaction with their neighbors

Question 32

benefits to choosing the same mate

Answer 32

better partner coordination, hold territory, always have a mate during the season, share the load (foraging, feeding, incubation)

Question 33

What sea birds look for in a mate

Answer 33

direct benefits
indicators of foraging ability (health)
similiar age

Question 34

How seabirds find their chicks in a colony

Answer 34

parent sends out a fundamental frequency and beats from the two voice system, play back syllables, so the chick can recognise and ID

Question 35

distribution of penguins

Answer 35

ancestor originated from antarctica 40-50 mya then spread northward as continents drifted

Question 36

ecology of penguins

Answer 36

no flight feathers, just 2 layers of feathers for floating. webbed feet, leopard seals and sea lions are predators