Biology Lecture 5 pt.1 Flashcards
Associative learning is learning where we learn from actions. What are the two types of it?
1)
2)
1) Classical Conditioning
2) Operant Conditioning
Define Classical Conditioning
A part of Associative Learning
Classical conditioning is when we have no control over the outcome. It happens whether we do something or not.
I.E. constantly giving a dog treats
Define Operant Conditioning
A part of Associative Learning
Operant Conditioning is when an individual does have control. Behavior is associated with reward or punishment.
I.E. Give a dog treats as reward for action
Define Social Learning
Social Learning is when a individual learns by watching others. Learn by example
social learning
Culture
social learning and teaching that influences behavior of individuals and their fitness. Culture evolves over time.
social learning
Spatial Learning
Spatial learning is when you memorize the environments spatial structure to create a map in your head. Some use it to remember where they stored their food.
Cognition
Problem Solving
Problem solving is the cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles.
Cognition
Communication
Communication is the transmission and reception of signals containing information. Signals are information packets that cause the receiver to respond in a way that benefits the sender. Like conflict resolution, mating, parent offspring interaction, provide environmental information.
Communication Modalities are the modes of communication. What are the four types?
1) Tactile
2) Visual
3) Olfactory
4) Auditory
communication modality
Tactile
touch
communication modality
Visual
light flashes, movement, color
communication modality
Auditory
hearing. Vibrations travel from tympanic membrane to ear-bones to the oval window of cochtea. Moving liquid stimulates hairs in different regions depending on sound frequency.
communication modality
Olfactory
olfactory signals are chemical signals, mainly pheromones, that are released into the air (in wind) or water (in currents) or left on surfaces as liquid (usually urine). The signals can mark territories, attract mates, and send info on food or danger.
sensory systems
receptors convert sensory stimuli to information decoded by nervous system (perception)
sensory systems
Chemoreceptors
smell/taste-concentration of glucose or pheremones
olfactory signals
olfactory signals are chemical signals, like pheromones that are released into the air, water or on surfaces to mark territories, attract mates,send info about food or danger.
auditory/hearing
vibrations travel tot he typhanic membrane, to the ear bones, to the oval window in the cochlea to liquid in the ear that simulates frequency.
Acoustic signals
sound-sound is vibration of molecules colliding with each other. Speed of sound depends on medium. air=340m/s, water=1500m/sec, ground=5000-6000m/sec.
wavelength
distance between two peaks of wave
frequency
time it takes for one wavelength to pass set point. Measured in hertz
Amplitude
Height of wave, perceived as loudness, measured in decibels
Broad band signals
broad band signals cover a wide range of frequencies
Narrow band signals
narrow band signals cover a more narrow range
vocalization is produced by vibrations in the vocal tract. ___ for mammals and amphibians. ____ for birds
Larynx
Syrinx
Attenuation
sound decreases in amplitude as it travels from the source. That is why animals use low frequencies
Signal lens eyes evolved independently in several groups. Lenses belonging to a….
_____ lenses move forward and back
_____ lenses can change shape
invertebrate
vertebrate
light stimulates visual pigments in rods, cones.
rods:
cones:
rods are sensitive to black and white
cones see red, green and blue
Pigments absorb different wavelengths of light. What isn’t absorbed is reflected. The two of them are called
Melanins
carotenoid
Melanins see brown and black
Carotenoids see red, orange and yellow
Why does water appear blue?
Because water absorb’s long, short wavelengths. 10m below water no red light is used.
Limits to perception
Evolutionary history
several ways to build complex eyes, different start points perceived at different spectrums
Limits to perception
ecology
physical, biological environment. Wavelengths transmitted
Interactions with other organisms affect evolutionary trajectory of sensory systems.
insects see in UV
Vipers use thermo
