Biology Lecture 5 pt.1

Question 1

Associative learning is learning where we learn from actions. What are the two types of it?
1)
2)

Answer 1

1) Classical Conditioning

2) Operant Conditioning

Question 2

Define Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

A part of Associative Learning

Classical conditioning is when we have no control over the outcome. It happens whether we do something or not.

I.E. constantly giving a dog treats

Question 3

Define Operant Conditioning

Answer 3

A part of Associative Learning

Operant Conditioning is when an individual does have control. Behavior is associated with reward or punishment.

I.E. Give a dog treats as reward for action

Question 4

Define Social Learning

Answer 4

Social Learning is when a individual learns by watching others. Learn by example

Question 5

social learning

Culture

Answer 5

social learning and teaching that influences behavior of individuals and their fitness. Culture evolves over time.

Question 6

social learning

Spatial Learning

Answer 6

Spatial learning is when you memorize the environments spatial structure to create a map in your head. Some use it to remember where they stored their food.

Question 7

Cognition

Problem Solving

Answer 7

Problem solving is the cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles.

Question 8

Cognition

Communication

Answer 8

Communication is the transmission and reception of signals containing information. Signals are information packets that cause the receiver to respond in a way that benefits the sender. Like conflict resolution, mating, parent offspring interaction, provide environmental information.

Question 9

Communication Modalities are the modes of communication. What are the four types?

Answer 9

1) Tactile
2) Visual
3) Olfactory
4) Auditory

Question 10

communication modality

Tactile

Answer 10

touch

Question 11

communication modality

Visual

Answer 11

light flashes, movement, color

Question 12

communication modality

Auditory

Answer 12

hearing. Vibrations travel from tympanic membrane to ear-bones to the oval window of cochtea. Moving liquid stimulates hairs in different regions depending on sound frequency.

Question 13

communication modality

Olfactory

Answer 13

olfactory signals are chemical signals, mainly pheromones, that are released into the air (in wind) or water (in currents) or left on surfaces as liquid (usually urine). The signals can mark territories, attract mates, and send info on food or danger.

Question 14

sensory systems

Answer 14

receptors convert sensory stimuli to information decoded by nervous system (perception)

Question 15

sensory systems

Chemoreceptors

Answer 15

smell/taste-concentration of glucose or pheremones

Question 16

olfactory signals

Answer 16

olfactory signals are chemical signals, like pheromones that are released into the air, water or on surfaces to mark territories, attract mates,send info about food or danger.

Question 17

auditory/hearing

Answer 17

vibrations travel tot he typhanic membrane, to the ear bones, to the oval window in the cochlea to liquid in the ear that simulates frequency.

Question 18

Acoustic signals

Answer 18

sound-sound is vibration of molecules colliding with each other. Speed of sound depends on medium. air=340m/s, water=1500m/sec, ground=5000-6000m/sec.

Question 19

wavelength

Answer 19

distance between two peaks of wave

Question 20

frequency

Answer 20

time it takes for one wavelength to pass set point. Measured in hertz

Question 21

Amplitude

Answer 21

Height of wave, perceived as loudness, measured in decibels

Question 22

Broad band signals

Answer 22

broad band signals cover a wide range of frequencies

Question 23

Narrow band signals

Answer 23

narrow band signals cover a more narrow range

Question 24

vocalization is produced by vibrations in the vocal tract. ___ for mammals and amphibians. ____ for birds

Answer 24

Larynx

Syrinx

Question 25

Attenuation

Answer 25

sound decreases in amplitude as it travels from the source. That is why animals use low frequencies

Question 26

Signal lens eyes evolved independently in several groups. Lenses belonging to a….

_____ lenses move forward and back
_____ lenses can change shape

Answer 26

invertebrate

vertebrate

Question 27

light stimulates visual pigments in rods, cones.

rods:
cones:

Answer 27

rods are sensitive to black and white

cones see red, green and blue

Question 28

Pigments absorb different wavelengths of light. What isn’t absorbed is reflected. The two of them are called

Melanins

carotenoid

Answer 28

Melanins see brown and black

Carotenoids see red, orange and yellow

Question 29

Why does water appear blue?

Answer 29

Because water absorb’s long, short wavelengths. 10m below water no red light is used.

Question 30

Limits to perception

Evolutionary history

Answer 30

several ways to build complex eyes, different start points perceived at different spectrums

Question 31

Limits to perception

ecology

Answer 31

physical, biological environment. Wavelengths transmitted

Question 32

Interactions with other organisms affect evolutionary trajectory of sensory systems.

Answer 32

insects see in UV

Vipers use thermo