Biology lecture 3

Question 1

How long does GENE Flow Disruption take?

Answer 1

Gene flow disruption, aka isolating mechanisms can take between 4,000-40 million years.

Question 2

What is the Coriolis effect?

Answer 2

In the rotation of the earth, air and water move clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the southern.

Question 3

Thermoclines

Answer 3

layered temperature of the water, warmer on top and colder (but with more oxygen) at the bottom

Question 4

Haloclines

Answer 4

Layering of the water, the saltier (heavier) water is at the bottom and the less salty on top

Question 5

Bathymetry

Answer 5

the topography of the sea floor.

Question 6

Define upwelling

Answer 6

In upwelling, strong off-shore winds pull nutrient rich cold water to the surface, breaking up the thermocline layers.

Question 7

How do AIR CURRENTS come about

Answer 7

Air currents are the result of the rising warm air and the Coriolis affect.

Question 8

What six factors of ECOLOGY influenced evolution of marine birds and mammals

GLECPO

Answer 8

Global ecology
Landscape ecology
Ecosystem ecology
Community ecology
Population ecology
Organism ecology

Question 9

What is a positive result of upwelling

Answer 9

The introduction of the nutrient and oxygen rich water from the deeper waters to the surface brings more species in.

Question 10

Spring tide

Answer 10

spring tide is when the difference between high and low tides is the greatest.-the moon pulls more at the earth than the sun.

Question 11

Neap tide

Answer 11

Neap tide is when the difference between the high and the low tides is least.-the moon and sun are perpendicular to the earth.

Question 12

As the earth spins we have __ high and low tides.

Answer 12

as the earth spins we have two high and low tides

Question 13

During the winter, the southern winds push water from the equator to the ___

Answer 13

During the winter, the southern winds push water from the equator North.

Question 14

Trophic levels

Answer 14

levels based on what they eat.

Primary Producers-> Primary consumers-> secondary consumers

Question 15

Food chain

Answer 15

food chain is the transfer of energy from different trophic levels

Question 16

Energetic hypothesis

Answer 16

the food chain is limited by inefficiency in energy transfer.

Question 17

Biomass

Answer 17

Biomass is the combined mass of individuals

Question 18

Interaction between trophic levels: Bottom up

Answer 18

biomass of lower trophic level affects higher levels

Question 19

Interaction between trophic levels: top-down

Answer 19

Higher trophic level affects biomass of lower levels

Question 20

phytoplankton

Answer 20

algae, cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates—green

Question 21

Zoo plankton

Answer 21

Crustaceans, fish larvae, eggs

Question 22

Interspecies competition

Answer 22

individuals of different species try to access the same limited resources

Question 23

Intraspecies competition

Answer 23

Individuals of the SAME species try to access limited resources

Question 24

Ecological niche

Answer 24

how species use abiotic and biotic resources in environment-2 species cannot use the same ecological niche

Question 25

resource partitioning

Answer 25

two species can exist in the same ecological niche if one can use a different set of resources

Question 26

What are four prey strategies for avoiding predator

Answer 26

1) safety in numbers 2)structures like spines 3)camouflage Chemicals-toxins

Question 27

Life History means the trait that affects survival and reproduction. It has four factors

Answer 27

1) age at first reproduction 2) how often reproduction occurs 3) amount of parental investment 4) how many offspring are produced each time

Question 28

K-selected species

Answer 28

produces fewer/larger offspring and give parental care-live longer, bigger, delay reproduction. Stable habitats with increased competition

Question 29

R-selected species

Answer 29

organisms produce many small offspring, low survival and limited parental care, reproduce early. Disrupted or unpredicted habitats

Question 30

semelparous:

Answer 30

for R-selected species: produce many, small offspring in one reproductive effort

Question 31

iteroparous:

Answer 31

For K-Selected species: produce relatively few, larger offspring each time, but reproduce multiple times

Question 32

Sexual selection:

Answer 32

individuals with certain traits are more likely to obtain mate than individuals without

Question 33

sexual selection often leads to sexual dimorphism:

Answer 33

males and females differ in appearance and/or behavior

Question 34

``` Intrasexual selection (aka same sex competition): ```

Answer 34

members of same sex compete for access to mates; includes sperm competition

Question 35

Intersexual selection (aka mate choice):

Answer 35

one sex chooses based on particular traits