Biology lecture 3 Flashcards
How long does GENE Flow Disruption take?
Gene flow disruption, aka isolating mechanisms can take between 4,000-40 million years.
What is the Coriolis effect?
In the rotation of the earth, air and water move clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the southern.
Thermoclines
layered temperature of the water, warmer on top and colder (but with more oxygen) at the bottom
Haloclines
Layering of the water, the saltier (heavier) water is at the bottom and the less salty on top
Bathymetry
the topography of the sea floor.
Define upwelling
In upwelling, strong off-shore winds pull nutrient rich cold water to the surface, breaking up the thermocline layers.
How do AIR CURRENTS come about
Air currents are the result of the rising warm air and the Coriolis affect.
What six factors of ECOLOGY influenced evolution of marine birds and mammals
GLECPO
Global ecology Landscape ecology Ecosystem ecology Community ecology Population ecology Organism ecology
What is a positive result of upwelling
The introduction of the nutrient and oxygen rich water from the deeper waters to the surface brings more species in.
Spring tide
spring tide is when the difference between high and low tides is the greatest.-the moon pulls more at the earth than the sun.
Neap tide
Neap tide is when the difference between the high and the low tides is least.-the moon and sun are perpendicular to the earth.
As the earth spins we have __ high and low tides.
as the earth spins we have two high and low tides
During the winter, the southern winds push water from the equator to the ___
During the winter, the southern winds push water from the equator North.
Trophic levels
levels based on what they eat.
Primary Producers-> Primary consumers-> secondary consumers
Food chain
food chain is the transfer of energy from different trophic levels
Energetic hypothesis
the food chain is limited by inefficiency in energy transfer.
Biomass
Biomass is the combined mass of individuals
Interaction between trophic levels: Bottom up
biomass of lower trophic level affects higher levels
Interaction between trophic levels: top-down
Higher trophic level affects biomass of lower levels
phytoplankton
algae, cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates—green
Zoo plankton
Crustaceans, fish larvae, eggs
Interspecies competition
individuals of different species try to access the same limited resources
Intraspecies competition
Individuals of the SAME species try to access limited resources
Ecological niche
how species use abiotic and biotic resources in environment-2 species cannot use the same ecological niche
resource partitioning
two species can exist in the same ecological niche if one can use a different set of resources
What are four prey strategies for avoiding predator
1) safety in numbers
2)structures like spines
3)camouflage
Chemicals-toxins
Life History means the trait that affects survival and reproduction. It has four factors
1) age at first reproduction
2) how often reproduction occurs
3) amount of parental investment
4) how many offspring are produced each time
K-selected species
produces fewer/larger offspring and give parental care-live longer, bigger, delay reproduction. Stable habitats with increased competition
R-selected species
organisms produce many small offspring, low survival and limited parental care, reproduce early. Disrupted or unpredicted habitats
semelparous:
for R-selected species: produce many, small offspring in one reproductive effort
iteroparous:
For K-Selected species: produce relatively few, larger offspring each time, but reproduce multiple times
Sexual selection:
individuals with certain traits are more likely to obtain mate than individuals
without
sexual selection often leads to sexual dimorphism:
males and females differ in appearance and/or behavior
Intrasexual selection (aka same sex competition):
members of same sex compete for access to mates; includes sperm competition
Intersexual selection (aka mate choice):
one sex chooses based on particular traits
